Vietnam as the Socialist Republic

For the Westerners Vietnam is mostly interesting as a side in the Vietnam war; after the end of the US participation in this conflict Vietnam just kind of ceases to exist. Which, of course, isn’t so – after the victory of the Northern Vietnam in the war the country had a rich and, for the most part, depressingly illustrative history. After the reunification of the country the socialist regime started a massive campaign of collectivization and nationalization, which worked about as good as it usually does: inflation went sky-high, effectively devaluing the currency, the economy, which already was in shambles in the aftermath of the war, fell apart, rebuilding of the infrastructure almost stood still. All these issues were addressed in a manner in which totalitarian states address most issues: about one million people were sent to ‘reeducation camps’, where at least the fifth of them died, the state went on a nationwide campaign of terror, killing more than a hundred thousand people and forcing millions to flee the country in any available manner, which resulted in a humanitarian catastrophe in this region and incredibly high death toll on those who unsuccessfully tried to cross the sea in makeshift boats. Thus, for a decade since the reunification of Southern and Northern Vietnam the country stayed in constant state of poverty and economic chaos, until in 1986 the traditionalist Communist government was replaced by reformists who followed the example of the Soviet Union’s â€Å"Perestroika† and the Chinese economic reforms. Thus Vietnam entered the period of Doi Moi (Renovation). The government started a series of economic and social reforms, aimed at gradually transferring the country from a completely planned economy to a ‘socialist-oriented market economy’ along the lines of modern China. Elements of free market and socio-economic liberalization were introduced into the country’s everyday life, while political life stayed firmly under control of the Communist party. Efforts at collectivization were abandoned, private enterprises became first permitted and then encouraged to take part in the production of goods. The effect was not late in coming – after the introduction of natural market forces into the Vietnam’s economy the country that spent the last decade in the state of poverty and stagnation was almost immediately turned into a dynamic, competitive economy. There is also a strong belief that the reason why new enterprises appeared en masse so swiftly was because a lot of them have been around for quite some time, but had to hide their existence from the state, thus creating a shadow economic system of small-time entrepreneurs, family-owned businesses and smugglers who supported the everyday existence of an average Vietnamese since 1975. Today the Socialist Republic of Vietnam continues on its way of social and economic liberalization, on which it had achieved considerable success – right now it is one of the fastest-developing economies in the world, in 2007 it joined the World Trade Organization, which means its goods are more than commercially viable outside the state, and established relationships with most countries of the world. Nevertheless, the past still holds Vietnam firmly in its clutches – despite all the economic and social progress made during the last thirty years, there is a long way to go: income disparity remains extremely high, malnutrition is still common, especially in more remote rural areas, health care isn’t universally accessible and political life is still strictly controlled by the state. No parties except the official Communist party are permitted, a lot of international organizations, such as Catholic Church, are seen as a threat to the government and banned. But hopefully, Vietnam will continue along the chosen path.

Essay about Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto - 1353 Words

Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto Faith and Reason Communism can seem very desirable. â€Å"It argued a world without war, in which the meek and the disadvantaged would share without distinction, the anticipated material and spiritual abundance generated by advanced.†(Gregor 19) This seems as though it would be the ideal form of government but in reality it is far from that. I will tell you about three of the most powerful communist countries of the twentieth century. The countries that I am talking about are the Soviet Union, or Russia as it is called today, the Peoples Republic of China, and Cuba. Communism is a theory that states that society should own all property. There should be no private ownership†¦show more content†¦The entire economic status of the Soviet Union was now controlled by the government. Also, all private ownership ended. There were no exceptions. Along with this, a large industrialization program was started and the Soviet Military was being strengthened. The Soviet Union was now considered a â€Å"super power† and only the United States was more powerful. Then in 1953, after the death of Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev became the First Secretary of the Communist party. This was a very different time than that of Stalin. People were given a say in the government. A very small say but it was still a say. Also, the judicial branch of the government stopped their rampage against threats to the communist party and gave better chances for defendants to defend themselves. Khrushchev focused more on the individual, attempting to make food more available, making goods easier to come by, and providing more housing. Also, leadership was decentralized so that owners and managers had an easier time running their businesses. Soon after this he was kicked out of office for a couple of reasons. The first was due to a shortage of dairy and grain product. Also, there was extreme turmoil in the communist party at this time. The next leader of Soviet communism was Leonid Brezhnev. He took office in October of 1964. Under this new leader the government was centralized, again. During this time there was an unstableShow MoreRelated Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marxs The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx explains the history of all societies as the history of class conflicts, he claims that the power and direction of all societies is determined by the modes of production, as such when the mode of production no longer suits the relations of society there is a revolution. He predicts that a revolution is coming between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and calls its coming inevitable. Marx argues that the bourgeoisiesRead More The Revolution of 1848 and Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe Revolution of 1848 and Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto There were two major things that happened in Europe in 1848. 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Mortgage Marketing Strategy for Cash Basis- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMortgage Marketing Strategyfor Cash Basis. Answer: Based on the current statistics and market projections, the real estate business is booming and will continue to grow. A great number of buyers, especially in urban areas are willing to own their own first homes and be able to do so with ease. Some have argued against purchasing a mortgage, majorly due to the long procedures involved that may delay the purchase process as well as make it frustrating for the buyer in the long run. Furthermore, the additional benefits that cash buyers of new properties have over mortgages in that they do not have to pay any interests to any company, which in the long run is cheaper than having to pay any interest at all[1]. Regardless of these facts, it is well known that very few people on the market for new homes rely on cash payments. This essay aims to provide a workable marketing plan that would be able to increase the number of sales on mortgages by our company. Market Analysis As stated above, the mortgage market has been on the rise, majorly due to the fact that majority of buyers are not able to buy the houses on a cash basis. Some may argue that the reduced interest rates in the repayment of mortgages over the past few years has made it worth it for a great number of consumers. The end result is that the number of persons who have been willing to get a mortgage has increased steadily but surely. Statistics show that out of the total number of houses within Australia, more than a third of these houses are purchased via some form of financial assistance, and in particular mortgages[2]. The statistics further show that the vast majority of homes purchased in Australia with the help of mortgages are already established dwellings and houses, which account for approximately 70% of the new house sales in Australia on their own[3]. The values of the said houses also had a spike with the figure in 2016 February rising from $31,500,000,000 to $33,500,000,000 in February 2017. The rise in the number of mortgage commitments however reduced slightly by about $1,000,000,000. In the month preceding February 2017, the total value of mortgages at the time was 0.4% lower, even though the number of commitments rose by about 0.7%. Furthermore, the occupied house commitments also rose by about 0.2%[4]. certain forecasters point out that it may be possible that the total number of commitments had fallen by about 2.7% in the past month. However, this figure has been argued not to reflect the exact and accurate trends within the mortgage and housing finance industry. SWOT Analysis Some may argue as to why a SWOT analysis may be necessary to the development of a marketing plan. Every marketing plan is based on the fact that the company is in need of a new way to be able to reach its clientele. In order to do so effectively, the company would therefore need to take the necessary steps to be able to identify the different strengths and weaknesses that the company has, as well as analyze the different opportunities and threats that may face the company[5]. Strengths. The first and foremost strength that may be assumed to be the basis of the stability of the company is the fact that the company is privileged to be part of a stable and successful financial group. This strength is able to provide the clientele with the peace of mind, knowing that the company shall remain stable and thus not affect the interest rates or other variables on the mortgage[6]. Due to the reason above, the company therefore enjoys a good image in the public eye, and also furthermore enjoys a strong financial base. The ability to manage the equipment and human resource effectively shall always affect the strength and functioning of any company. Our company excels at this. Weaknesses Our company has faced its fair share of weaknesses, the most pronounced being the fact that there have been low sales in some of the products that are on offer. Additionally, the customer base has viewed mortgages as an old fashioned means to acquire property, thus making it less appealing to the younger and less understanding buyers. One other weakness is the fact that our company has not been actively involved in planning how to market our mortgage products. Opportunities To be able to capitalize on the current market needs for mortgages and financial assistance to purchase homes, it is important for our company to make the effort and create a support arm for the marketing department as a whole. The ability to also connect and relate our products to our parent companys products would be a great opportunity that would help the company grow steadily and curve a niche in the competitive mortgage market. Threats As stated under the opportunities section, there is constant competition in the mortgage market. The increased competition is definitely a threat, as more firms are slowly attempting to enter the mortgage business and therefore would cost us the much needed finances that would be key in the running of the company[7]. The changes in mortgage related legislation is definitely a problem, meaning that our company is to modify and adapt our plans and strategies to be able to reflect the changes made in legislation. Marketing Strategy Majority of our competitors face similar, if not the same challenges[8] and therefore, we can say that the mortgages market is a level playing field for most of the companies involved[9]. However, in order to succeed, it is important for us to advance and be prepared to go the extra mile in order to be able to beat the competition[10]. Creative and targeted marketing is the main means to be able to capitalize on the current market base. Newspapers have for the longest time been the easiest and most successful means to advertise products to the masses. However, the younger crowd, who are the majority of the first home owners and need the mortgage to be able to buy the home do not read newspapers as much and therefore would not be able to get to know about the different products we have to offer[11]. To be able to handle this, we should invest more in social media marketing, as this is the future. Majority of our target market is the youth, who spend less time on traditional forms of media and majorly focus on social media and online media as a means to learn of new products and services. With a reach into social media marketing, we would have an edge over the competition and stand higher chance of increasing the number of mortgages sold to new customers and first home owners. Aside from social media campaigns, we need to use our current online platforms to be able to make it easier for our customers to be able to handle and purchase mortgages. In particular, our website would need to be modified, redesigned if need be, to be able to support better user interactions and furthermore be able to keep the users on our site for longer. The website should have a system whereby we can monitor the number of visitors and frequency of the visits to be able to properly analyze how effective it is. Implementation Plan In order for the marketing plan to be successfully implemented, it would require advanced and careful planning by the various departments. First, the workforce that shall be involved in the marketing campaigns shall have to be properly trained on the intricate details of online marketing and how to successfully market products to the youth via online channels. In order to do this, the finance department shall need to be involved so as to cater to the financial needs and necessary resources required to be able to train the workforce. The ICT department would also need to work hand in hand with the marketing department to ensure that the website and other channels are properly optimized in order to reach more persons in te target demographic. Growth Plan In the end, the main aim of the elaborate marketing campaign is to make sure that the company sales are able to grow significantly within a given period of time. With a proper online marketing strategy, there is going to be a significant increase in the number of sales of mortgages to the new customers and also there shall be a clear growth in the number of mortgages sold. Based on previous statistics, I project that there shall be a 10 percent growth within the first quarter of implementation. Bibliography Arping Stefan, Deposit competition and loan markets, Journal of Banking Finance, 2017 Australian Bureau of Statistics, Housing Finance Australia February 2017, 10th February 2017, https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/5609.0Main+Features1February%202017?OpenDocument Cerutti Eugenio, Dagher Jihad and Giovanni Dell'Ariccia, Housing Finance and Real-Estate Booms: A Cross-Country Perspective, Journal of Housing Economics (2017) Deloitte, The Deloitte Australian Mortgage Report 2016 Delivering tomorrow, today? 2016, p.4 LeBlanc Jean, Applying SWOT to the Mortgage Industry (September 10, 2013), https://nationalmortgageprofessional.com/news/26275/applying-swot-mortgage-industry Myers Erin, 7 Marketing Ideas for Mortgage Loan Officers in 2017, https://www.outboundengine.com/blog/marketing-ideas-for-mortgage-loan-officers/ The Conversation, Australias housing finance in seven charts (April 15, 2016), https://theconversation.com/australias-housing-finance-in-seven-charts-57870 Tzanetos Georgina, getting a Mortgage vs. Paying Cash for Investment Properties (November 11, 2016), https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/111116/getting-mortgage-vs-paying-cash-investment-properties.asp Zhu Bing, Betzinger Michael Steffen Sebastian, Housing market stability, mortgage market structure, and monetary policy: Evidence from the euro area, Journal of Housing Economics, 2017

The Ebola Virus Essays - Biological Weapons, Tropical Diseases

The Ebola Virus A virus is an ultramicroscopic infectious organism that, having no independent metabolic activity, can replicate only within a cell of another host organism. A virus consists of a core of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coating of antigenic protein and sometimes a lipid layer surrounds it as well. The virus provides the genetic code for replication, and the host cell provides the necessary energy and raw materials. There are more than 200 viruses that are know to cause disease in humans. The Ebola virus, which dates back to 1976, has four strains each from a different geographic area, but all give their victims the same painful, often lethal symptoms. The Ebola virus is a member of a family of RNA viruses known as ?Filoviriade' and falling under one genus, ?Filovirus'. "The Ebola virus and Marburg virus are the two known members of the Filovirus family" (Journal of the American Medical Association 273: 1748). Marburg is a relative of the Ebola virus. The four strains of Ebola are Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, Ebola Reston, and Ebola Tai. Each is named after the geographical location in which it was discovered. These filoviruses cause hemorrhagic fever, which is actually what kill victims of the Ebola virus. Hemorrhagic fever as defined in Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary as, a group of viral aerosol infections, characterized by fever, chills, headache, malaise, and respiratory or GI symptoms, followed by capillary hemorrhages, and, in severe infection, oliguria, kidney failure, hypotension, and, possibly, death. The incubation period for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ranges from 2-21 days (JAMA 2! 73: 1748). The blood fails to clot and patients may bleed from injections sites and into the gastrointestinal tract, skin and internal organs (Ebola Info. from the CDC 2). The Ebola virus has a tropism for liver cells and macrophages, macrophages are cells that engulf bacteria and help the body defend against disease. Massive destruction of the liver is a hallmark feature of Ebola virus infection. This virus does in ten days what it takes AIDS ten years to do. It also requires biosaftey level four containment, the highest and most dangerous level. HIV the virus that causes AIDS requires only a biosaftey level of two. In reported outbreaks, 50%-90% of cases have been fatal (JAMA 273: 1748). Ebola can be spread in a number of ways, and replication of the virus occurs at an alarming rate. Ebola replication in infected cells takes about eight hours. Hundreds to thousands of new virus particles are then released during periods of a few hours to a few days, before the cells die. The several cycles of replication occur in a primate before the onset of the fever and other clinical manifestations (Ornstein, Matthews and Johnson 7). In most outbreaks, transmission from patient to patient within hospitals has been associated within the reuse of unsterile needles and syringes. High rates of transmission in outbreaks have occurred from patients to heath-care workers and to family members who provide nursing care without appropriate precautions to prevent exposure to blood, other body fluids, vomitus, urine and stool. Risk for transmitting the infection appears to be highest during the later stages of illness, which are often characterized by vomiting, diarrhea,! shock, and frequently hemorrhaging (JAMA 274: 374). Even a person who has recovered from the symptoms of the illness may have the virus present in the genital secretions for a brief period after. This makes it possible for the virus to be spread by sexual contact. Complete recovery is reached only when no particles of the virus are left in the body fluids, this however is rarely attained. The disease, for humans, is not airborne, capable to be passed on through air travel, but for nonhuman primates it has been a possibility in a few cases. Ebola Zaire was identified in 1976 in Northern Zaire and was the first documented appearance of the virus. This strain of the virus effects humans and nonhuman primates. Close contact and dirty needles spread the Ebola virus. The center of the epidemic in Zaire involved a missionary hospital where they reused needles and syringes without sterilization. Most of the staff of the hospital got sick and died. This outbreak infected 318 with a death rate of 93% (Le Guenno et al. 1271). Another fatal case was reported one year later in Zaire but nothing major ever became of it. The most recent case recorded was

Assistive Technology and Cerebral Palsy Essays

Assistive Technology and Cerebral Palsy Essays Assistive Technology and Cerebral Palsy Paper Assistive Technology and Cerebral Palsy Paper Assistive Technology and Cerebral Palsy: Abstract:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assistive technology has continued to have positive impacts on individuals with cerebral palsy and other impairments. This paper examines the major impact of this kind of technology on cerebral palsy patients. The purpose of this paper is to highlight these positive impacts while describing how different assistive technology methods work. One of the assistive technology methods that are discussed in this paper is augmentative communication devices. In addition to giving a brief description of various augmentative communication devices, the paper analyzes the impact of these devices on students in the school setting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advances in gait restoration and rehabilitation technology are also discussed in this paper. As compared to previous years, the paper show how advances in gait restoration produces improved results for people with mobility impairments. Moreover, the paper also shows some of the proven examples of rehabilitation technology for people with cognitive disabilities. Introduction: Cerebral Palsy can be defined as the lack of control of the muscles or joints because of an injury that occurs during brain development. This injury usually results in disrupted coordinated movement and frequently affects young children. On the other hand, cerebral palsy can also be described as a group of disorders that usually affects motor function and varying in severity. This type of disease normally displays itself in various forms depending with the area in which it has affected and the extent it has covered. Moreover, cerebral palsy has adverse effects that may lead to mental disabilities, seizures, communication problems, auditory problems, visual problems as well as other possible impairments. While debilitating a child from infancy, cerebral palsy can sometimes be gentle depending on the location and level of the damage. Children who suffer from this disease sometimes need support in order to eat, talk or walk properly. On the other hand, some of the people suffering from this kind of disease may have slight or nearly invisible impairments while other patients have difficulty performing even the most common tasks. Assistive technology devices are equipments, paraphernalia or services that not only improve the function of mental or physical ability but are also designed for people with various impairments. Due to the fact that these devices improve the function of some mental or physical ability, they are used by both children and adults who may be suffering from diverse range of disabilities. Impact of Assistive Technology on Cerebral Palsy Patients: The major impact that assistive technology devices have on individuals with cerebral palsy is that it gives them more independence, range of movement as well as employment opportunities. In fact, different forms of assistive technology help in situations such as speech loss, balance and lack of motor function among others. Not only do assistive technology devices help cerebral palsy patients with these problems, but they also enable the patients to live to their fullest potentials. The major aim for the use of assistive technology devices in patients with cerebral palsy is to compensate for mental or physical impairments. Assistive technology devices can also permit increased mobility, communication and the integration of electronic equipments such as computers into daily life. While electronic wheelchairs are used to increase mobility, keypads and computers are used for communication purposes. Most importantly, there are various ways through which computers and the Internet can be accessed with assistive technology. This includes the use of complicated scanning equipments, voice detection software, on-screen keyboards and head controlled pointing devices. Nonetheless, these various ways allow a patient with cerebral palsy to use the technology accordingly (â€Å"Assistive Technology† n.d.). For patients with language or speech problems, portable or computer related machines that can speak for them may be utilized. There are other assistive technology devices that help in the day to day requirements like in using televisions, radios, showers and toilets among others. Given the fact that cerebral palsy patients do not frequently experience impaired mental ability, assistive technologies are therefore extremely important for them. In fact, through these assistive technologies, cerebral palsy patients can interact with the society, go to school or even get a career. Unfortunately, many cerebral palsy patients do not obtain these assistive technologies because of prohibitive costs. One of the key examples of the impact of assistive technology on individuals with cerebral palsy is in the school setting. Through assistive technology, students with walking and speech problems have their electronic wheelchairs fixed or attached with computer boards. In addition to enabling these students to engage in meaningful words and speech practices, the electronic wheelchairs allow them to move around freely. Therefore, assistive technology enables students with cerebral palsy to access quality education. Augmentative Communication Devices:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Augmentative communication devices are methods which are designed to help patients with speech problems to communicate more easily and effectively. These communication devices include a board with pictures that represents a student’s day to day life as well as electronic speech synthesizers. In addition to helping impaired children to engage in normal activities with other children, augmentative communication devices not only help them feel a sense of self-governing but also enables them to realize their dreams in life. However, poor families cannot afford augmentative communication devices because this kind of technology may be expensive for them. There are various augmentative communication devices such as Manual Communication Boards:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These are inexpensive and practical mode through which an individual or student with cerebral palsy can communicate easily and efficiently. Manual communication boards are systems with no mechanical parts and are personalized to reflect a child’s daily routine. The boards contain information which represents the user’s message. In most cases, a board maker is used in creating a communication board (Kahn n.d.). Dynavox: Dynavox is another form of device that has been specifically designed to assist the user in relaying output communication. In creating information the user is supposed to select a menu with a definite category by touching the screen of a computer. The categories then display folders that are similar to computer folders. The selected category gives the user a subcategory of information from which they use the needed information. For example, in a school setting, information relating to the number of subjects, school routine, or even the total number of students in at school is displayed. Dynavox communication device has helped children to modify categories that corresponded to their information. Dynavox has also made it possible for young children with cerebral palsy to access information that is appropriate to their learning. Children who can’t use their hands properly because of the damage of cerebral palsy are provided with a switch that is attached to the machine. This switch enables them to communicate easily through pushing it with their chin, legs or even their feet. For patients with visual disabilities, a switch is provided with which they activate the device when the appropriate words or phrases are heard. However, dyvanox is machine that is hard to be understood by slow learners and may be relatively expensive to some people. BIGmack:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is a lightweight and easily portable augmentative device that enables messages or a series of messages to be pre-recorded. When a child touches the BIGmack, the pre-recorded message is played back and the child can participate in classroom activities if the pre-recorded information relates to these activities. This device is effective in a unique way considering that most of the children with cerebral palsy may from time to time suffer from memory loss. Delta Talker:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is an augmentative communication device that resembles a computer keyboard and can be used by both initial and more advanced communicators. However, delta talker differs from the normal computer keyboard because various pictures and words are combined to make a sentence instead of the writing of words and sentences. Notably, delta talker can produce more than four thousand words, phrases and sounds because it comprises of pictures and word keys as well as letters of the alphabet. Impact of Augmentative Communication Devices: As computer technology continues to advance allowing for more powerful and easy to use designs, augmentative communication devices are making huge strides. The impact of augmentative communication devices on students in the school setting is that it enables students with cerebral palsy to access quality education regardless of their disabilities. These devices enable these students to receive quality education just like other students. Various augmentative devices provide effective methods of communication between the students with their teachers. For example, dyvanox has improved the way in which information is conveyed particularly to those that are adversely affected with cerebral palsy. On the other hand, board makers have so far been identified as one of the most efficient and cheap method of relaying information. Board makers allow students with cerebral palsy to easily understand information as well as being affordable to those who are not in a position of accessing expensive augmentative communication tools. Augmentative communication devices also enable students in the school setting to access quality education because some of these tools allow children to modify information into categories that are relevant to them. For instance, a dyvanox for a ten year old may contain information concerning home, school or sports. Gait Restoration: The recent advances in gait restoration have produced improved outcomes for people with mobility impairments. In fact, these recent advances in the science field have also helped research toward the re-establishment of biped gait in paraplegic patients. This increased mobility for paraplegic patients has been accomplished by the means of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) which re-strengthens the muscles of the patients. In order to attain improved mobility for the patients, functional electrical stimulation incorporates preserved reflex mechanisms of the transected spinal cord (Kralj A. et al n.d.). According to recent research, paraplegic patients can perform functions such as standing or rising from a sitting position through the use of functional electrical stimulation. Muscles that are re-strengthened by the use of functional electrical stimulation can later be used to perform tasks that need high muscle forces. The execution of these functions is dependant on the development and establishment of the functional electrical stimulation cycles which in turn results in necessary movements. However, gait restoration may lead to hazardous situation if improper FES sequences are used. This is due to the fact that these improper functional electrical stimulation cycles provoke movements that digress from the intended function. Even though the use of FES in gait restoration has disadvantages like difficulties with electrode placement, the need for expensive technology, insufficient selectivity as well as scarce knowledge of neurology and neuroanatomy, this method of gait restoration has increased patients’ mobility. On the other hand, FES as a means of gait restoration has produced improved outcomes for people with mobility impairments because of its numerous advantages. These advantages include the use of preserved reflexes, normal bone support of body weights and joints, lack of external braces and lack of force transfers with levers. These recent advances in gait restoration also increases mobility because external control for locomotion is no longer used as was the case in previous gait restoration methods such as exoskeleton. The current methods of gait restoration not only use electrical stimulation for triggering purposes but also provide a self-regenerating energy supply. Moreover, gait restoration increases mobility because patient suitability, testing of muscle suitability, muscle re-strengthening program and simple gait training are conducted. Rehabilitation Technology and Cognitive Disabilities:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cognitive disabilities can be defined as substantial limitation of a person’s capacity to think, remember, interpret and understand number and symbols. People with cognitive disabilities have difficulties in planning, conceptualizing and organizing thoughts and actions. These cognitive disabilities can originate from brain injury and lead to intellectual disabilities, severe and chronic mental illnesses as well as stroke. Fortunately, most of the patients with cognitive disabilities use assistive technologies to improve functioning in their daily activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These assistive and rehabilitative technologies also increase a patient’s positioning, hearing, vision, mobility, learning and communication functions. However, the rehabilitative and assistive technologies range from low-tech devices to high-tech devices. Some of the proven examples of rehabilitation technology for people with cognitive disabilities include: Virtual Environment:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of virtual technology tends to create an experience which arouses an actual experience. Virtual technology enables persons with cognitive disabilities to engage in educational and community activities. One of the most widely used virtual technology intervention tool in rehabilitation is virtual reality. Virtual reality incorporates the use advanced technologies such as computers and different multimedia peripherals in producing simulated or virtual environment. These virtual environments are perceived by users as similar to real world objects and events. In the virtual environments, people with cognitive disabilities not only interact with display images but they also move and control virtual objects. As they perform these and other actions, these patients stimulate a feeling of actual presence and submerge their senses in the virtual environment. Virtual reality tools provide these patients with audio, visual, and hap tic (the sense of touch) response of their performance. As a rehabilitation technology tool, virtual reality has unique characteristics that are different from other engaging experiences like reading books, and watching television. Virtual reality is also different from playing traditional computer simulation games. When used as a novel modality, virtual reality is essential in rehabilitation assessment and intervention because of its unique attributes (Weiss Jessel n.d.). Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the other example of rehabilitation technology on patients with cognitive disabilities and incorporates the use of Gesture Xtreme virtual reality system to achieve different levels of immersion. This technology helps the users to stand or sit in an isolated area while viewing a large monitor or projected image. The large monitor exhibits different series of simulated functional tasks like catching virtual balls.  The Gesture Xtreme VR system helps in cognitive and motor rehabilitation through a process known as video gesture. This is an example of proven rehabilitation technology as digital video cameras translate video signals of the patient’s movements for processing by exceptional software.   The patient’s image is therefore processed like the processing of screen animation, text, sound and graphics. Notably, the reaction of screen animation, text, sound and graphics processing is largely dependent on the patient’s movement. The commencement of changes in a virtual reality environment through video contact is a process known as video gesture. This rehabilitation technology helps people with cognitive disabilities as their on-screen video image reacts when they move. The process not only gives a deeper degree of realism to the virtual reality experience but also results in the patient’s complete engagement in the replicated task. Conclusion:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, assistive technology has a major impact on individuals with cerebral palsy. The necessity and impact of assistive technology on these patients cannot be overemphasized. According to recent research, this technology enables patients to carry out tasks that could be otherwise impossible regardless of the person’s disabilities. Given the ongoing technological advancements, assistive technology will continue to develop and counter various disabilities that many people face. References: â€Å"Assistive Technology and Cerebral Palsy.† (n.d.). Cerebral Palsy Source. Retrieved May 28, 2010, from cerebralpalsysource.com/About_CP/assistive-technology/index.html Kahn A. B. (n.d.). Assistive Technology for Children who have Cerebral Palsy: Augmentative Communication Devices. Retrieved May 28, 2010, from newhorizons.org/spneeds/inclusion/teaching/kahn.htm Kralj A. et al. (n.d.). Gait Restoration in Paraplegic Patients. Retrieved May 28, 2010, from rehab.research.va.gov/jour/83/20/1/pdf/kralj.pdf Weiss P.L Jessel A. (n.d.). Virtual Reality. Retrieved May 28, 2010, from http://hw.haifa.ac.il/occupa/LIRT/vr.htm

The Rainbow Fish Essays

The Rainbow Fish Essays The Rainbow Fish Paper The Rainbow Fish Paper The Rainbow Fish has lots of dialogue to demonstrate interaction, whereas Rumpus at the Vet has none. Pfister, plays on the readers feelings to make the story emotive. Feelings of, loneliness, selfishness, sadness and happiness play a big part in the story. Whereas the Author used the theme of humour in Rumpus at the Vet to enrapture his audience. The vocabulary in both books is used with children in mind; the words are easy to understand, even though some are difficult to read. Conclusion  The books are very different in many ways. However, in my opinion they are both excellent examples of enchanting texts for children. Both authors capture their audience using contrasting styles of writing. Although both texts were written to be read to children, I feel that older ones could enjoy reading them by themselves, especially Rumpus at the Vet.  I have selected The Rainbow Fish to discuss how I would use this piece of text in the classroom.  The learning objectives that I would use for the lesson are taken from The National Literacy Strategy, Year 2 term 1. Although there are many ways that this text could be used I have chosen these objectives:  Word Level Work  Word recognition, graphic knowledge and spelling:  7 To use word endings e.g. s (plurals) ed (past tense) ing (present tense) to support their reading and spelling. Sentence Level Work  Grammar and punctuation:  2 To find examples in fiction and non-fiction, of words and phrases that link sentences e.g. after, meanwhile, during, before, then, next, after a while.  Text Level Work  Comprehension and Composition:  5- To identify and discuss reasons for events in stories linked to plot.  The learning objectives should be written on the board so that all pupils are aware of them. Furthermore, the teacher should read the objectives out so that all pupils are aware of what they are. The Lesson During the focused word part of the lesson, the teacher would discuss plurals and how they are distinguished. Explaining that when there is more than one object it is called a plural and quite often, we just add ans or es depending on how the word is spelt. The teacher could ask the children to give some examples which she could write on the board for reference, using two columns to see if the children could see any patterns between adding s and es. Then in another column, the children could give examples of verbs, giving their past and present tense. She could then go on to consolidate that words in their root form can have different endings added, according to how many there are, or by their tense. Next, the teacher could go on to explain that she would read The Rainbow fish to the children and they should try to listen out for words that are plurals and have endings to show which tense the story is in. Also during the reading of the story, the teacher would like the children to think about how the story is linked together by using adverbs of time. The teacher could explain that rather than use and then as children quite often do, there are alternatives such as meanwhile, during, after and next. These links make the story more interesting and flow chronologically.

Coninental Airlines Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coninental Airlines Case Study - Research Paper Example n the last decade of the 20th Century, where Continental got out of the bankruptcy channel and started its way out to growth, the company as comparatively to EDS was just one of the company seeking solutions. As certain programming and IT management is not the core part of an Airline company, these operations were inevitably going to be outsourced to professional skills providing consultants and implementers. Now laying within the company, Continental after being stable towards its economic inflow through the Go Forward Plan was looking towards innovation. This also caused for major managerial change with much more skilled and innovative people. The difference is then directly seen when the core group of Continental was downsized and better people were hired who required newer, better and quicker solutions to the problems. When compared to EDS, at the end of first five years, Continental started to grow somewhat of a critical thinking system through the leadership of Bethune and Bren neman. That happened as they returned the company to profitability. Wejman being in charge and comparing the history through the scope of Continental in the relationship to EDS is of much regard towards the future five years. The most important of that being is stability towards Continentals constant change of managerial staff, executive office staff and creating constant long run solutions with systematic modifications throughout the year(s). Continental being a growing company, now was looking forward for IT solutions in all aspect to provide maximum concentration towards customer relations. Clearing making the prime priority to gain trust of the customers to have them fly often with Continental ensuring quality and time-saving incentives. Having made a World Wide Web domain, the IT outsourcing then was necessary to have a smoother in house work load. (Consulting, 2009) This major change was not necessary a easy solution to play with on EDS part and required sudden changes from the

The Similarities Between Hotmail and Mozilla Essay

The Similarities Between Hotmail and Mozilla - Essay Example As far as the similarities between Hotmail and Mozilla Thunderbird are concerned, they are quite few in number as Hotmail leads Mozilla in the market for an email client. First, both Hotmail and Mozilla Thunderbird are supported by 36 languages. These are two of the very few email clients that are offered in so many languages. Also, both Hotmail and Mozilla Thunderbird have themes which give users the power to control the appearance of the respective accounts. Furthermore, both are supported on multiple operating systems and both support POP3 and IMAP4 protocol. When we contrast Hotmail and Mozilla Thunderbird, we find out that the number of Hotmail users is too many when compared to Mozilla Thunderbird. Part of the reason for this is the earlier launch of Hotmail. Furthermore, Hotmail has more features than Mozilla Thunderbird. Examples could include integration with different programs such as MSN Messenger. This is a service whereby users can see which of their friends are online w hile logged in to their Hotmail accounts. Furthermore, Hotmail also has an audio player to play audio files and it also includes a spell checker. One of the most exciting features about Thunderbird is the fact that it allows users to view email messages from other email clients such as Hotmail, Yahoo, and Gmail etc. POP stands for Post Office Protocol. The addition of the number 3 indicates the third version, which is also the latest. POP3 is a standard internet protocol that helps to retrieve an email message. On the other hand, IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. The number 4 in front of the symbol ‘IMAP’ indicates the fourth version.

Mobile Phones Essay Example for Free

Mobile Phones Essay Mobile phones have had such a large impact in our modern twenty-first century societies, that they have become part and parcel of our daily lives. Nowadays, it has become the norm in our towns and villages to see people who are busy tapping on their cell phones. Mobile phones have changed the way people communicate. These devices are carried anywhere people go because they are light and easy to carry around, such that everyone is constantly in touch with others. This is very different from when home and work telephones were the only means of communication. Nowadays, people can call each other using their mobile phones wherever they are as long as there is reception, regardless of the country they are in. This can be life-saving when emergency calls are needed, while also very useful to communicate with work colleagues, family and friends. Furthermore, mobile phones have also given birth to text messages, which are found to be more convenient than phone calls, because they can be answered at the receiver’s convenience without being disturbed. Read more:Â  Essay on Use of Mobile Phones by Students Smart phones are the latest kind of mobile devices, which have been available for only a couple of years. These phones continue to enhance our communication, mainly by using the internet for third party services, such as chatting and social networking sites. Moreover, these phones can be used for a multitude of other things, such that they are able to have the function of a computer, a music player, a camera, a video camera, a gaming console and a diary, among other uses. Mobile phones have also been of a disadvantage to their users. People in modern societies are often found to be addicted to their cell phones. They check if they have any new message over and over again, even when they are out with their friends or when they are on a date. Firstly, this obsession shows lack of manners because mobile phones are given more importance than the person in front of them. Secondly, this lack of priorities can often be dangerous, for example while driving. The latest smart phones could be very expensive. Even though there are a variety of affordable cell phones and smart phones, some people, most often youths, spend hundreds of Euros every year to buy the latest smart phone, although having only a small improvement over the previous one. Generally, this is a result of persuasive and costly advertising made by giant manufacturers. Furthermore, this has also been a common subject for bullying in schools. Mobile phones have obviously made people’s work and personal life much easier. As long as these are used with caution and moderation, cell phones do not have any particular negative impact on people’s lifestyle and health.

heroarms Frederick as a Code Hero in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms :: Hemingway A Farewell to Arms

Frederick as a Code Hero in Farewell to Arms It is the nature of the beast within that fuels our inclination towards conflict and destruction. During the surreal powers of war, life hangs in the balance setting the stage for an elite group of individuals who triumphantly rise above the rest amidst the chaos. As Ernest Hemingway illustrates in his book, Farewell to Arms, the character of Frederick Henry; an ambulance driver, is put to the ultimate test during the madness and atrocity of WWI. His experiences at the front pose a challenge only a Hemingway hero can affront successfully. As the epitome of a code hero, Frederick is a man of action, self-discipline, and one who maintains grace under pressure. Whenever the situation requires, Henry rises to the occasion taking control of potentially dangerous incidents with quick decision leaving no room for second thought. After Frederick is captured by the battle police, he foresees his inevitable death if no action was taken and instinctively escaped detainment. "I looked at the carabineri, they were looking at the newcomers. The others were looking a the colchel. I ducked down, pushed between two men, and ran for the river, my head down. I tripped at the edge and went in with a splash" (Hemingway, 214). Henry witnessed the gruesome executions of the officers before him and knew he was not going to die without a fight to preserve his precious existence. Being a man of action rather than words, was the determining factor which helped him survive this unfortunate confrontation with death. Regardless of the circumstances, Henry used his authoritative position to make sure others did not engage in any threatening positions that could jeopar dize their safety and the safety of others. When one of his ambulances got suck in the mud during a retreat, two sergeants simply tried to abandon the situation but Frederick stopped them in their tracks. "Halt, I said. They kept on down the muddy road, the hedge on either side. I order you to halt. I called. They went a little faster. I opened up my holster, took the pistol, aimed at the one who talked the most, and fired" (Hemingway, 195). The men were given an ample opportunity to obey Henry's commands and by ignoring them, it suggested that they were challenging their superior's authority. Such actions are not tolerated by Frederick as he was once again forced to take the initiative as his character is always compelled to do.

Kennedy’s New Frontier Program

In November 1960, majority of the American population voted John F. Kennedy into presidency. Opposite to the tactics used by his opponent com/richard-nixon-and-supreme-court/">Richard Nixon who emphasized his experience during the Eisenhower administration, Kennedy called to incorporate new tactics to leadership and new ways to effectively use their country's rich economic and human resources (â€Å"An Outline of American History† 12-20). In Kennedy's inauguration speech, he spoke of a â€Å"New Frontier. In general, Kennedy's government through the programs incorporated with the New Frontier was dedicated towards creating ways to boost their economy, to strengthen their national defense and to extend international aid towards their allies. In this light, his administration passed several bills and policies that sought to improve their economic status, while giving a close look at the country's housing status, wage level and unemployment level, provision of social services an d improving the defense system and battling to decrease the crime rate. However, his desire to extend the fruits of economic success with the American citizens was thwarted by the mere fact that he won the presidency in such a narrow margin. His opponents from the Conservative Party and southerners resisted the plans that he carried out for his administration. Further, although one of his strongest priorities is to end economic recession and in turn restore economic growth, price increase in the steel indusry has lost him support from business leaders in the country. Moreover, in the area of civil and social rights, Kennedy fell short from providing the citizens with adequate and quality healthcare, education, international aid and space program (â€Å"Kennedy and the New Frontier†). However, despite these shortcomings, hindrances and deficits, he was able to bring judgment with the Cuban Missile Crisis which during that era was one of the most pressing international issues. This earned him a great popularity not only among the Americans, but for people from other countries as well. As such, towards the end of his term, he further initiated some measures that are thought to become beneficial for their country. Unfortunately though, on November 1963, he was assassinated. Despite his death, the liberal reputation he gained through his style and ideas continued. The agendas that he intended to implement before his death continued to become a liberal force of change for the Americans.

Persuasive Letter

09/16/2012 Ms. June Watkins Principal Lone High School 12345 Out There Road Somewhere, KY 54321 Dear Ms. Watkins: It has come to my attention that the students of this school, in particular the incoming freshman, will be required to use IPads during this school year. The idea of using such technology is an advantage in some cases, like the continual ability to stay informed through the internet and the light weight of the device. However, there are other situations where IPads, being the only source for information, resources, and school supplies, are inappropriate for our students.Thus, I ask for your consideration in not implementing such devices in this school. First, we must consider the finances of most of the students and parents in this district. The option for payment of the device is given at the end of their high school careers with the school making the initial payment; however, the device could be outdated or broken by that time. What happens if one of the devices breaks during the school year or at any time during high school? Do the parents pay for the broken IPad as well a new one? Second, the students will be using the IPads at all points in time during school and at home.How will the issues of social networking, instant chat, and random browsing of the internet during class time be addressed? Students would need extreme restriction because of the inappropriate use of the internet; will there be a limitation set on the devices, and is it even possible to restrict the device? Lastly, I want to address the issue of word study and research by use of an IPad. Although there are many sources in which a student can gain more literacy, there are many more that encourage the use of poor grammar and spelling.Many times students rely on the computer to spit out the correct spelling, meaning, and content without the understanding that there are reliable and unreliable sources. How can we implement a device that goes against what we are trying to teach our students? With all of the positive uses of the IPad, there are an equal amount of negative uses for the same device. I hope you consider the points I have given before implementing such a major change in the school that will affect all students, teachers, and parents in this district. Thank you for your time. Sincerely,

Free Essays on La Casa De Bernada Alba

La casa de destruccià ³n Cuando leyendo â€Å"La casa de Bernarda Alba,† de Federico Garcia Lorca, un lector est bombardeando con imagines, sà ­mbolos e ideas signà ­ficas. Hay tantos oportunidades para un lector a ver estes sà ­mbolos por los papeles, por los objectos y por los temas. Una de los temas ms importante y ms dominante y extendido es lo de la controla y la opresià ³n. Las personajes principales que muestran la controla y la opresià ³n son las de Adela y su madre, Bernarda. Bernarda y Adela son las personajes principales del drama. Sin ellas, el drama no podrà ­a tener el efecto que lo tiene. No podrà ­a tener los temas de opresià ³n y controla que son tan fuertes por todas partes del drama. No solamente las personajes y sus papeles demuestran el tema, pero los objectos que estn relacionados con los personajes principales, como el bastà ³n de Bernarda, el color de la casa, la puerta de la casa, y muchas ms cosas. Primero, Bernarda, la madre y el dictador de la casa, controla toda su familia en la casa porque ella est lamentando el muerte de su esposo, y no puede controla su tristeza. Entonces, ella sienta como tiene que tener controla sobre las vidas de sus hijas, para tener controla sobre algo de su vida. Adems, Bernarda lleva un bastà ³n, que representa la controla que tiene, como una reina, o ms como un dictador. Su controla y sus acciones no son las de una madre carinosa quien est lamentando su esposo. El bastà ³n representa la masculinidad de Bernarda porque un bastà ³n tiene las connotaciones que alude a Moses en la Biblia, o al papa de la iglesia catà ³lica, y los dos son lideres que son hombres. La diferencia entre Bernarda y Moses y el papa es que ella gobierna su familia en una manera muy estricta, y no hay amor ni carino. Los hombres religiosos, sin embargo, gobierna su gente con el amor de Dios, y con carino. La personaje que contrasta con Bernarda es su hija menor, Adela. Ella es la... Free Essays on La Casa De Bernada Alba Free Essays on La Casa De Bernada Alba La casa de destruccià ³n Cuando leyendo â€Å"La casa de Bernarda Alba,† de Federico Garcia Lorca, un lector est bombardeando con imagines, sà ­mbolos e ideas signà ­ficas. Hay tantos oportunidades para un lector a ver estes sà ­mbolos por los papeles, por los objectos y por los temas. Una de los temas ms importante y ms dominante y extendido es lo de la controla y la opresià ³n. Las personajes principales que muestran la controla y la opresià ³n son las de Adela y su madre, Bernarda. Bernarda y Adela son las personajes principales del drama. Sin ellas, el drama no podrà ­a tener el efecto que lo tiene. No podrà ­a tener los temas de opresià ³n y controla que son tan fuertes por todas partes del drama. No solamente las personajes y sus papeles demuestran el tema, pero los objectos que estn relacionados con los personajes principales, como el bastà ³n de Bernarda, el color de la casa, la puerta de la casa, y muchas ms cosas. Primero, Bernarda, la madre y el dictador de la casa, controla toda su familia en la casa porque ella est lamentando el muerte de su esposo, y no puede controla su tristeza. Entonces, ella sienta como tiene que tener controla sobre las vidas de sus hijas, para tener controla sobre algo de su vida. Adems, Bernarda lleva un bastà ³n, que representa la controla que tiene, como una reina, o ms como un dictador. Su controla y sus acciones no son las de una madre carinosa quien est lamentando su esposo. El bastà ³n representa la masculinidad de Bernarda porque un bastà ³n tiene las connotaciones que alude a Moses en la Biblia, o al papa de la iglesia catà ³lica, y los dos son lideres que son hombres. La diferencia entre Bernarda y Moses y el papa es que ella gobierna su familia en una manera muy estricta, y no hay amor ni carino. Los hombres religiosos, sin embargo, gobierna su gente con el amor de Dios, y con carino. La personaje que contrasta con Bernarda es su hija menor, Adela. Ella es la...

Quotes From Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks

Quotes From Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Rosa Parks was a  civil rights activist, social reformer, and racial justice advocate.  Her arrest for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus triggered the 1965-1966 Montgomery bus boycott and became a turning point of the civil rights movement. Early Life, Work, and Marriage Parks was born Rosa McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on Feb. 4, 1913. Her father, a carpenter, was James McCauley; her mother, Leona Edward McCauley, was a schoolteacher.  Her parents separated when Rosa was 2, and she moved with her mother to Pine Level, Alabama.  She became involved in the African Methodist Episcopal Church from early childhood. Parks, who as a child worked in the fields, took care of her younger brother and cleaned classrooms for school tuition.  She attended the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls and then the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes, finishing 11th grade there. She married Raymond Parks, a self-educated man, in 1932 and at his urging completed high school.  Raymond Parks was active in civil rights, raising money for the legal defense of the Scottsboro boys, a case in which nine African-American boys were accused of raping two white women.  Rosa Parks began attending meetings with her husband about the cause. She worked as a seamstress, office clerk, domestic, and nurses assistant. She was employed for a time as a secretary on a military base, where segregation wasnt permitted, but she rode to and from work on segregated buses. NAACP Activism She joined the Montgomery, Alabama, NAACP chapter in December 1943, quickly becoming secretary.  She interviewed people around Alabama about their experience of discrimination and worked with the NAACP on registering voters and desegregating transportation. She was key in organizing the Committee for Equal Justice for Recy Taylor, a young African-American woman who had been raped by six white men. In the late 1940s, Parks participated in discussions within civil rights activists about desegregating transportation. In 1953, a boycott in Baton Rouge succeeded in that cause, and the Supreme Courts decision in  Brown v. Board of Education  led to hopefulness for change. Montgomery Bus Boycott On Dec. 1, 1955, Parks was riding a bus home from her job and sat in an empty section between the rows reserved for white passengers at the front and colored passengers at the back.  The bus filled up, and she and three other black passengers were expected to relinquish their seats because a white man was left standing. She refused to move when the bus driver approached them, and he called police.  Parks was arrested for violating Alabamas segregation laws. The black community mobilized a boycott of the bus system, which lasted for 381 days and resulted in the end of segregation on Montgomerys buses. In June 1956, a judge ruled that bus transportation within a state couldnt be segregated. The U.S. Supreme Court later that year affirmed the ruling. The boycott brought national attention to the civil rights cause and to a young minister, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. After the Boycott Parks and her husband lost their jobs for being involved in the boycott.  They moved to Detroit in August 1957 and continued their civil rights activism.  Rosa Parks went to the 1963 March on Washington, site of Kings I Have a Dream speech.  In 1964 she helped elect John Conyers of Michigan to Congress. She also marched from Selma to Montgomery in 1965. After Conyers election, Parks worked on his staff until 1988.  Raymond Parks died in 1977. In 1987, Parks founded a group to inspire and guide youth in social responsibility. She traveled and lectured often in the 1990s, reminding people of the history of the civil rights movement.  She came to be called the mother of the civil rights movement. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1999. Death and Legacy Parks continued her commitment to civil rights until her death, willingly serving as a symbol of the civil rights struggle. She died of natural causes on Oct. 24, 2005, at her Detroit home. She was 92.   After her death, she was the subject of almost a full week of tributes, including being the first woman and second African-American who has lain in honor at the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. Selected Quotations I believe we are here on the planet Earth to live, grow up, and do what we can to make this world a better place for all people to enjoy freedom.I would like to be known as a person who is concerned about freedom and equality and justice and prosperity for all people.Im tired of being treated like a second-class citizen.People always say that I didnt give up my seat because I was tired, but that isnt true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was 42. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.I knew someone had to take the first step, and I made up my mind not to move.Our mistreatment was just not right, and I was tired of it.I didnt want to pay my fare and then go around the back door, because many times, even if you did that, you might not get on the bus at all. Theyd probably shut the door, drive off, and leave you standing there. At the time I was arrested I had no idea it would turn into this. It was just a day like any other day. The only thing that made it significant was that the masses of the people joined in.Each person must live their life as a model for others.I have learned over the years that when ones mind is made up, this diminishes fear; knowing what must be done does away with fear.You must never be fearful about what you are doing when it is right.From the time I was a child, I tried to protest against disrespectful treatment.Memories of our lives, of our works and our deeds will continue in others.God has always given me the strength to say what is right.Racism is still with us. But it is up to us to prepare our children for what they have to meet, and, hopefully, we shall overcome.I do the very best I can to look ​upon life with optimism and hope and looking forward to a better day, but I dont think there is anything such as complete happiness. It pains me that there is still a lot of Klan activity and racism. I think when you say youre happy, you have everything that you need and everything that you want, and nothing more to wish for. I havent reached that stage yet.

Aviation Legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aviation Legislation - Essay Example The board also has a responsibility of making sure there is advanced engineering technology in the aviation industry. Moreover, the board is entitled to maintain a peaceful aviation industry that is adequate to cope with all the requirements of war (Lawrence, 2008). The other significant importance of the Moral Board is making sure that the aircraft manufacturing industry runs and operates in the recommended way. The board manages to enact this obligation by undertaking most of the government policies related to manufacturing and maintenance of aircrafts. The board is also entitled to make sure that there are essential needs and equipments to assist in maintaining security all over the country. The other major obligation of the Morrow Board is to make investigations on various matters that hinder or cause poor performance in the aviation industry especially in both navy and army departments. The board is also entitled to make various recommendations that ought to be considered after weighing various opinions from different stakeholders in the aviation industry (Lawrence, 2008). The American government passed the Railway Labor Act back in 1926 but later made various amendments on the law (Lawrence, 2008). The significance importance of the act in relation to the airline industry is that it deals with various labor related issues. Moreover, the act also deals with various labor issues related to the railroad industries. The act protects the rights of employees in the airline industry. It manages to accomplish this obligation by providing a peaceful environment in disposition of disputes between carriers and their employees. The act also manages to impose a duty on both carriers and employees in order to put reasonable efforts while trying to maintain collective bargaining agreements. The duty helps to settle disputes between the two bodies by providing various resolution

Observation report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Observation report - Research Paper Example In the past, this particular school had been reviewed around 12 times. In accordance with this result associated with the review, it provides the scenario of 3rd rating. Besides, the school phone number is given as 718-278-1220. The name of the Principal of the school is Ms. Rebecca Heyward. The classroom represents a 2nd grade special education. The classroom uses the technology of Individual Education Program (IEP) for providing information to the students. The width of the classroom is about 25 square feet. The classroom has many colourful posters and also has colours of ‘transparent submicron suspension’ within it. However, I have observed that the students do not give heed to the colourful walls and posters. The names of the students present in the class are Adan, Reinaldo, Jeaden, Chris, Julissa, Nicholas, Mathews, Lucia and Khamari. On close observation, I found out that the students were very friendly and used to call me by the name Mr. R. Out of these special children; few seemed to me to be quite normal. I observed that Mathew and Reinaldo were very energetic and good in mathematics. I had conducted a test on the fourth day, which they both passed without making any mistakes. The names of the teachers are Ms. Pappas, Mrs. Messano and Mrs. Draz. These teachers are competent enough in the ground of paraprofessional. The domain of planning related to the aspect of study involves chart that reflects a series of elements being involved to teach the special students effectively. I have observed that it involves birthday celebrations lists. Besides, it incorporates the school book of the month that contains the name of 100 American Women. In terms of planning that has been quite noticeable, there is a reading unit that mainly introduces the students with the historical background of the United States. The teaching module plan also entails the

Why Healthcare Practitioners are Unwilling to Change Practice Patterns Assignment

Why Healthcare Practitioners are Unwilling to Change Practice Patterns - Assignment Example However, despite the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) rules being approved by the American Medical Association in 2008 and this logistical development subsequently making it easier for the reception and transfer of payments, healthcare services providers have not yet come to significantly use them. Conversely, healthcare practitioners may find it hard to change their practicing patterns because of the unfavorable balance between inadequate healthcare resources and the unreasonable demand for the same services. Doctors and nurses may, for instance, want to make their practice more patient-friendly by elongating consultation hours, but the queue in the waiting room may not allow this. One can take a compassionate approach when dealing with physicians who loathe evidence-based systems. In this effect, it will be gainful to facilitate dialogue with physicians, so as to understand their point of view, in lieu of singling out individual physicians for professional malpractice. For a hospital leader, it will also be important to make an initiative of presenting solid evidence. The corollary to this is that upon seeing pieces of relevant information that bring about a significant difference, healthcare practitioners will gradually come to appreciate evidence-based systems. Integrating these efforts with information Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems and clinical decision support will also help solve this problem. This statement is indeed legitimate since the odds of dying in a healthcare center are greater than the risk of an air crash. Particularly, chances of dying in a healthcare institution because of human error are 33,000 times higher than the danger of dying in an airplane crash (Hammond, 2008). Although it is indeed true that the danger of dying in a hospital is more imminent than that of an airline accident, yet, this should not be construed to mean that healthcare practitioners are more careless, compared to pilots  and the flight crew.  

Eddie in Blood Brothers Essay Example for Free

Eddie in Blood Brothers Essay Eddie and Mickey were born from the same mother Mrs. Johnston, but they have extremely different lives. They were identical twins; they look exactly the same. But Mrs. Lyons separated them and made them have a different life. From then on, one of them, Mickey stayed with Mrs. Johnston lives in a big, poor family and the other one who was taken by Mrs. Lyons became very rich and got everything. They have been in a different world because of many factors surrounding them to rich or poor from the moment they have been born. I think the most influential factors are the family they have got and the family classes different. The different kind and level of education they have got did also influence them much. Also, the religion of the family is one of the factors that affect the life of the child as well. Different thing has different amount of influence to Mickey and Eddies life. I am going to discuss the factors one by one. The social context is messy at the time between late 70s and early 80s that the play was set. It is called recession. Margaret Thatcher is the Prime Minister; she encouraged people to make lots of money. As a result, the rich people in middle or upper class can earn much money but the poor people in working class lost their jobs. Life is very hard for working class, as they get poorer without a job. Mickeys family is suffered from this social climate. His family is poor. Unlike Eddie, his family is in middle class, he is rich. They have a great contrast in their life because the classes are different. Marilyn Monroe is the social icon of the day at that time. She is very glamorous, rich and she represents a life of fantasy. Everyone wants to be her. We know that from the book on p. 14, Act 1, Scene 1, it said He told me I was sexier than Marilyn Monroe, which is about Mr. Johnston said her wife was sexier, lovelier than Marilyn Monroe. It shows the value of that time. But that is what totally different from Mickey. Mickey is poor; he dressed scruffy. He lives in council house and his family is working class. He does not have money to buy everything he wanted. But Eddie, he is rich, he has got new clothes, and he looks smart. He lives in private house and his family is middle class. They are exactly the same, but the way of living is really different with one of them is living in a rich environment and another lives in a poor world. This is how the classes different influence their life. The size and people in their family have also influenced them. Mickey has a big family with 7 brothers and sisters. The speech of the mother in p. 14, Act 1, Scene 1, told us about that. She said: Seven hungry mouths to feed and one more nearly due. Mickey is the youngest in the family; he has to fight for food and everything with the elder brothers and sisters. Therefore, he needs to grow up fast and look tough to protect himself in case of beaten up by others. He also wants to his elder brother Sammy because he wants to get older so he can do everything he loves. We can see how much he wants to be Sammy in the book on p. 30, Act 2, Scene 1, he has repeated the sentences I wish I was our Sammy. - for five times. He does everything Sammy did; however, Sammy was not a good example for Mickey to learn. So Mickey becomes a joker and streetwise since he has got influenced by his brother Sammy. The family of Eddie, we know that he is the only child in his rich family and they are in middle class. He lives with his mum only most of his life. We dont know much about Eddies father because the book does not mention about him much. Mrs. , Lyons, Eddies mother, loves her son very much. She gives him a good shelter, gives him everything he wanted. This makes very weak and soft and he will not know the hardship of the working class since life is easy for him. Time ran through quick by dramatic devices in the book. We can see how much difference between Mickey and Eddie over a long period. At first, when they are born, they are not much different from each other in either class or education. But when they are at the age of 17, Mickey is dropped out from school and on the other side Eddie was going to University. Then, when they both go to work, Mickey loses his job and Eddie is the boss of a factory. The education level made them have such a big difference. Mickey is poor educated as he left school when he was 17. He was study in government school. Normally, there is nothing bad to study in government school. But compare to Eddie, Eddie was study in private school, he was well educated. He could use a dictionary at the age of seven while Mickey do not even know what a dictionary is. We knew that from the conversation between Mickey and Eddie. Eddie said, I shall look it up in a dictionary. from p. 33, Act 2, Scene 2. From the speech of the narrator at p. 56, Act 4, Scene 1, we know Mickey and Eddie are getting older as they are 18. This is the job of narrator to take us through time and speed things up. Eddies goes into a University straight after he left his college but at that time Mickey was already dropped out from the school and working in a factory. Then, Eddie got a job, which is the boss of the factory, straight after he finished his studying. By that time Eddie becomes really powerful and rich but the other one, Mickey, is just a worker in a factory! They are identical twins but we can see how education makes them go into a different life. Superstition is one of the influences. Mrs. Johnston is very superstitious as we can see from the several events from the book. On p. 18, Act 1, Scene 3, Mrs. Lyons put a pair of new shoes on the table then Mrs. Johnston saw it and tell her never do this. This is a superstition thinking that something had will happen to you, which you will never notice. This shows that Mrs. Johnston is superstitious. I believe that she believes in religion. And this makes Mickey kind of superstitious as well. He believes what blood brother is. On the other side, I dont think Mrs. Lyons has any religion at all. She does not respect Mrs. Johnston and always use the weakness of Mrs. Johnston, that she is superstitious, to coerce her into doing something. At first Eddie does not believe any superstition things but Mickey influences him. He admires Mickey and everything Mickey does. He likes Mickey and wants Mickey likes him as well. On p. 32, Act2 2, Scene 2, we know Eddie gives sweets to Mickey. This reflected he is eager to please. Eddie used to dont know much about colloquial until Mickey told him. He thought everything Mickey said was smashing. And he believes that what Mrs. Johnston told her on p. 35, Act 2, Scene 2, about bogeyman. This shows that he is nai ve and innocent. In conclusion, I can divide the influences on the lives of Mickey and Eddie in four main sections. The differences between Mickey and Eddie in the family, the social class they are, the education they have and the religion of the family. They are identical twins but they have got a very different life, I think it is because these things that I have mentioned before influenced them.

Failure of te Two-Party System Essay -- essays research papers

A valuable factor within any democracy is the presence of political parties. As dictated by Webster, a party is meant as "a group, which unites to promote or maintain a policy, a cause, or other purposes, as a political group." This definition can be easily simplified as individuals with a common cause. This is just the case with American political parties. They are ordinary groups of individuals with a common cause in hopes to gain political power. Within the United States, two political parties make up the majority, the Republicans and Democrats. Unlike many other democratic nations around the world, America is unique with their generalized lack of parties. However, there is a growing trend within America that implies the two-party system, which has been the leader in American politics, has started to become weak. When the United States initially formed as a nation, there were few differentiations between the people. Those with voting privileges were mostly white Anglo-Saxons. The greatest differences seemed to be developing around the issue of slavery creating a North versus South political atmosphere. Siding with the intelligence of the era, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, the federalist and anti federalist parties developed around opposing ideas regarding a written Bill of Rights. This form of elitism running the government was not unreasonable in a time when communication to the outskirts and rural areas of the nation wa...

Employee of the Month

â€Å"EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTH† – from a HRM perspective THE PLOT: Vince Downey is the head cashier and winner of 17 consecutive Employee of the Month awards at Super Club. If he wins one more Employee of the Month, he will be put in the Super Club's Hall of Fame and win a new car. Zack Bradley, who is the ultimate slacker, has been working at the Super Club for 10 years, and is still at the bottom job, working as a box boy. Then Amy enters the picture; she is a new cashier transferring in from another Super Club store. Amy has a reputation of dating men who have won Employee of the Month at the other store, so Vince and Zack want to date Amy. Situation at the Company: Other employees are jealous of Vince's success, possibly as a result of his aggressive behavior. An autocratic and fear-based style of leadership prevails in the company, with the corporate manager, Glenn Ross, being a bully to his younger brother, the bureaucratic store manager. Vince Downey’s character portrait goal-oriented even at the cost of ethics and office relationships aggressive towards co-workers disliked by most other employees of Superclub very motivated towards promotions and incentives. Zach Bradley’s character portrait well-liked by colleagues doesn't mind breaking office rules for benefit of customers and colleagues uses office property after office hours for personal purposes low motivation towards structured goals rebellious towards establishment (possibly due to past failure). His friends are work-shirkers like himself, although they portray surly attitudes towards customers, while Zach doesn't. HRM CONCEPTS FOUND IN THE MOVIE: Maslow's need hierarchy theory Source: http://www. abraham-maslow. com The company aims to improve employee performance through need for self esteem. Zach initially aims for the award in order to win the affections of his female co-worker, Amy (physiological needs). Zach's friend Iqbal advises him to aim for the employee of the month award not just for physiological motives, but for self actualization. This advice is what motivates Zach and helps him overcome his rebelliousness towards the establishment in the end. Employee Initiative During the course of the month, a sea change is visible in Zach’s attitude towards his job. He shows initiative by volunteering for the vacant post of cashier at short notice. He also volunteers to solve management problems by finding storage space for mistakenly received goods. However, these activities, as well as his new perks, estrange him from his old colleagues. Leadership Skills He also shows leadership at the softball game at the end of the month, by motivating his team to win the game. But he breaks a promise to his colleague in doing so, which results in a loss of friendship with his old colleagues. Ethical Conduct In the end of the story, Zach wins the Employee of the Month award through ethical means, and Vince is fired for his unethical behavior in course of aiming for the award. CONCLUSION: The movie portrays the work relationships and attitudes of Theory X motivated workers in a company, in a funny and entertaining way. However, a lot of crude humor and language, as well as sub-plots that demean women, are included in generous quantities, so feminists better find other alternatives to identify their HRM concepts in real life situations! Employee of the Month â€Å"EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTH† – from a HRM perspective THE PLOT: Vince Downey is the head cashier and winner of 17 consecutive Employee of the Month awards at Super Club. If he wins one more Employee of the Month, he will be put in the Super Club's Hall of Fame and win a new car. Zack Bradley, who is the ultimate slacker, has been working at the Super Club for 10 years, and is still at the bottom job, working as a box boy. Then Amy enters the picture; she is a new cashier transferring in from another Super Club store. Amy has a reputation of dating men who have won Employee of the Month at the other store, so Vince and Zack want to date Amy. Situation at the Company: Other employees are jealous of Vince's success, possibly as a result of his aggressive behavior. An autocratic and fear-based style of leadership prevails in the company, with the corporate manager, Glenn Ross, being a bully to his younger brother, the bureaucratic store manager. Vince Downey’s character portrait goal-oriented even at the cost of ethics and office relationships aggressive towards co-workers disliked by most other employees of Superclub very motivated towards promotions and incentives. Zach Bradley’s character portrait well-liked by colleagues doesn't mind breaking office rules for benefit of customers and colleagues uses office property after office hours for personal purposes low motivation towards structured goals rebellious towards establishment (possibly due to past failure). His friends are work-shirkers like himself, although they portray surly attitudes towards customers, while Zach doesn't. HRM CONCEPTS FOUND IN THE MOVIE: Maslow's need hierarchy theory Source: http://www. abraham-maslow. com The company aims to improve employee performance through need for self esteem. Zach initially aims for the award in order to win the affections of his female co-worker, Amy (physiological needs). Zach's friend Iqbal advises him to aim for the employee of the month award not just for physiological motives, but for self actualization. This advice is what motivates Zach and helps him overcome his rebelliousness towards the establishment in the end. Employee Initiative During the course of the month, a sea change is visible in Zach’s attitude towards his job. He shows initiative by volunteering for the vacant post of cashier at short notice. He also volunteers to solve management problems by finding storage space for mistakenly received goods. However, these activities, as well as his new perks, estrange him from his old colleagues. Leadership Skills He also shows leadership at the softball game at the end of the month, by motivating his team to win the game. But he breaks a promise to his colleague in doing so, which results in a loss of friendship with his old colleagues. Ethical Conduct In the end of the story, Zach wins the Employee of the Month award through ethical means, and Vince is fired for his unethical behavior in course of aiming for the award. CONCLUSION: The movie portrays the work relationships and attitudes of Theory X motivated workers in a company, in a funny and entertaining way. However, a lot of crude humor and language, as well as sub-plots that demean women, are included in generous quantities, so feminists better find other alternatives to identify their HRM concepts in real life situations!

The Apprenticeship System – Summary

THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM Aims of apprenticeship * To provide a peaceful transition from slavery to freedom * To guarantee planters an adequate supply of labour during the period and prepare for full freedom * To train apprentices for freedom especially working for wages * To enable the colonial governments to revise the system of justice and establish institutions suitable for a free society. The SMs were retired naval and army officers on half pay, appointed from Britain who were accustomed to rough conditions and enforcing discipline.They were chosen because they were not connected to the planter class and it was felt that they would not be biased. Duties of stipendiary magistrates * To supervise the apprenticeship system * To settle disputes between masters and apprentices * To visit estates at regular intervals and hold court * To inspect jailhouses and workhouses * To assist in fixing the value of negroes who wanted to buy their freedom These duties were strenuous and led to th e death of many SMs who were not accustomed to tropical conditions and could not afford the high cost of medical treatment.Conditions of employment Salary – ? 300 for the first year then increased to ? 450 for travel expenses and housing. There was no pension for dependents if the SM died in service. There was no sick leave and he had to pay his own fare back home if he was dismissed or out of service. These bad working conditions prevented SMs from performing their duties satisfactorily and many were easily bribed by planters. They were also overburdened by work because they were so few in numbers. Those who tried to do their duties were sometimes persecuted.They were abused physically, verbally and via the press. They were all obstructed in the performance of their duties as planters sometimes refused to allow them on the estates. Success of stipendiary magistrates * They listened to complaints from both sides and acted as a buffer between masters and apprentices. * They in formed apprentices of their rights, they did not have to listen to gossip or obtain information from newspapers. * They helped apprentices to organise their lives better by giving advice.However, they had very little to formulate schemes to improve the social conditions of the apprentices. They were unable to prevent apprentices from being punished harshly. Punishments Apprentices were usually sent to the workhouse, however SMs had no control over what happened there. The most common form of punishment in the workhouse was the treadmill. There was also the whipping post and apprentices could be put in penal gangs. Females often had their heads shaved. Time lost in the workhouse had to be repaid by the apprentice by working for his master during his free time.Controlling apprentices on the estates * It was illegal for apprentices to leave the estate without written permission. * Valuations on able-bodied slaves were often inflated. * High fees were charged for the use of the markets and for licences to work off the estates as carpenters, blacksmiths and so on. These licences and tickets to sell in the markets could be withdrawn. * Planters refused to give customary allowances. * Planters found faults with apprentices' work, which had to be done over in the apprentices' free time. Apprentices were locked up on false charges which would often be dropped before the arrival of the SM. * Apprentices' fruit trees would be cut down and they were forbidden to own livestock. * The 401/2 hours per week were spread over five days instead of four. *Low wages would be paid; unfair deductions from wages would be made; and the wages were generally paid late. The End of Apprenticeship Apprenticeship ended for ALL apprentices in 1838 because: * The system was not achieving its aims. * The antislavery society exposed the abuses in the system and began to campaign for full freedom. The planters feared violence if domestic apprentices were freed before field apprentices. * Some pl anters felt that it was cheaper not to have to provide for apprentices and only to employ the number of labourers they needed. Note: Antigua granted full freedom to its slaves. The planters decided against apprenticeship. The apprenticeship system came to an end in 1838 when the colonial governments in each colony voted against its continuation. http://www. youthlinkjamaica. com/cxc/history20100302. htm

Emotional And Mental Condition Of Problematic Child Social Work Essay Essays

Emotional And Mental Condition Of Problematic Child Social Work Essay Essays Emotional And Mental Condition Of Problematic Child Social Work Essay Essay Emotional And Mental Condition Of Problematic Child Social Work Essay Essay This assignment concerns the analysis of the emotional and mental status of Kirsty, a 14 twelvemonth old miss who lives with her female parent and her stepfather. Kirsty, a much loved kid lost her darling male parent when she was 8 and now lives with her female parent and stepfather. The miss has of late been exposing marks of emotional and mental perturbation and unnatural delinquent behavior. Her wellness every bit good as her attending and public presentation at school have begun to endure. Children like Kirsty, who have experienced terrible emotional loss and who furthermore have to see disturbed domestic conditions, are far more likely to develop emotional, mental and physical upsets and complaints than other kids. Social work theory and pattern considers the relief of the status of physically and mentally ailing people to be one of its primary aims ( Petr, 2003, p 41-47 ) . Social work policy in the UK is furthermore ferociously committed to the betterment of public assistance and to the physical, emotional and societal development of all kids in the state, particularly those enduring from different types of disadvantage ( Humphreys, 2000, p 30-34 ) . Recent old ages have besides witnessed steady betterment in the intervention of physically and mentally deprived persons. This survey is directed by such aims and purposes to first examine and discourse Kirsty s instance from different societal work positions in order to understand the causes behind her bing emotional, mental and physical province. Such treatment and analysis is followed by the application of the 4P theoretical account for organizing Kirsty s status with the usage of predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors. A 4 P analysis will assist in understanding the assorted forces that are presently moving upon the kid every bit good as her assorted beginnings of strength, nutriment and comfort, and in make up ones minding upon possible interventionist schemes. The survey is structured into two chief subdivisions ; the first trades with the scrutiny of the events in Kirsty s life and her current physical and mental troubles, even as the 2nd efforts to place the 4P factors in her life in order to assist her to develop resiliency to get the better of her emotional and mental challenges. Analysis of Kirsty s Case Kirsty was born an IVF babe and, like most such babes, was a much wanted and loved kid. Whilst the instance survey does non supply elaborate inside informations about her childhood, it is clear that her male parent and female parent, particularly her male parent, doted upon her. Her secure, happy, and comfy childhood changed radically and everlastingly when she was merely about 8 with the decease of her male parent in a auto accident. With her female parent want to get down a new life after the calamity, the two of them moved off from Aberdeen, where they lived antecedently, and moved from house to house in Scotland until the clip her female parent remarried. Both of them thenceforth came to populate with her stepfather in his house, where all three continue to shack even now. Her present domestic environment appears to be disturbed. Her stepfather, a builder by profession, earns periodically and has a imbibing job. Whilst Kirsty s female parent works in a supermarket, the money she earns is non plenty to run into the demands of the household and changeless statements occur between the two grownups on the issue of money. Kirsty s stepfather physically abuses his married woman during the class of such statements, particularly when he has been imbibing. Whilst such battles do non happen in forepart of the kid, Kirsty frequently sees the Markss of physical force on her female parent s face. Kirsty loves her female parent really much but has of late begun to experience intrusive and in the manner of the two unhappy grownups. Kirsty attends secondary school and has for the last twelvemonth been taking lessons in playing the guitar. She is demoing some promise in music and remembers her male parent playing the guitar for her at her birthday parties when she was immature and he was still alive. Kirsty and her household have friendly neighbors. The neighbors invariably welcome her and the kids love and adore her. She is a quiet kid and is for such ground practically unnoticed in school because her category has a figure of loud and active kids who keep the category instructor busy. The miss has a few close friends at school and spends much of her clip with them. She has late started traveling out in the eventide with these friends and other immature people. They normally go to the park where they spend clip with each other. Some of the immature people bring inexpensive intoxicant to the park and Kirsty has started imbibing on a regular basis. This frequently leads to her waking up tardily in the forenoon and dropping out of traveling to school for the twenty-four hours. Kirsty is little and scraggy for her age and finds it hard to kip at dark. Her appetency is hapless and she frequently feels ill and suffers from katzenjammer symptoms. The neighbor is worried about Kirsty s wellness and Kirsty s female parent has late taken the kid to see a GP, who after a preliminary probe has decided to mention her instance to other services. It is obvious from the available fortunes of the instance that Kirsty is emotionally and mentally disturbed and that these jobs are furthermore impacting her physical wellness and her attending and public presentation at school. The miss s emotional and physical development has been adversely affected by specific events and fortunes, viz. ( a ) the loss of a much loved parent, when she was still a kid, ( B ) her memories of her male parent, which continue to remain with her, and ( degree Celsius ) her disturbed place environment, with its elements of intoxicant maltreatment and domestic force. Some of her present mental troubles can be explained by the usage of the Attachment Theory, foremost advanced by John Bowlby, which concerns the emotional bonding between two or more persons and suggests that kids must develop stable relationships with at least one of their primary attention givers for happening of normal development and growing ( Bowlby, 1988, p 5-11 ) . The attachment theory suggests that kids instinctively attach to their carers for endurance, for security and for eventual familial and behavioral reproduction ( Bowlby, 1988, p 5-11 ) . Sheltered babes and kids become free to concentrate and derive cognition from their environments ( Walker, 2008, p 3-5 ) . Whilst the birth female parent usually represents the chief attachment figure, it is besides really much possible that any other person who invariably adopts fussing ways can replace the female parent as the rule attachment figure ( Walker, 2008, p 3-5 ) . In Kirsty s instance it appears that her male parent assumed the function of the chief attachment figure. This fact is non wholly confirmed because of the deficiency of inside informations about her life before the decease of her male parent. The miss, even today, after a oversight of six old ages, remembers him playing the guitar and diverting her at her birthday parties. She besides appears to hold unconsciously imbibed his love for music and his genius for playing the guitar. Attachment upsets are likely to happen when kids, for different grounds, are unable to organize normal fond regards with their attention givers during their childhoods. Such attachment upsets can take to traumas and a scope of mental and physical troubles ( Solomon A ; Siegel, 2003, p117 ) . Children diagnosed with behavior upset, post-traumatic emphasis upset and oppositional-defiant upset frequently display attachment jobs, perchance because of the happening of fond regard upsets in their childhood ( Solomon A ; Siegel, 2003, p117 ) . It appears clear from Kirsty s history that she was closely affiliated to her male parent and that his tragic decease traumatised her significantly. Whilst her female parent did supply her with attention and support, the indispensable insecurity in their lives after the decease of her male parent, ( which continues even today and is accentuated by the environment of intoxicant maltreatment and domestic force at her place ) , has accentuated her inju ry. Childs from disturbed household backgrounds, particularly 1s that are characterised by force and substance maltreatment, are likely to endure from a scope of physical, mental and emotional jobs in comparing with other kids ( Taylor A ; Daniel, 2005, p 73-79 ) . Such kids, it has repeatedly been seen in the class of research and studies are far more likely ( a ) to make severely at school, ( B ) bead out of school, ( degree Celsius ) engage in smoke and in intoxicant and drug maltreatment, ( vitamin D ) have adolescent gestations, and ( vitamin E ) engage in delinquent or condemnable behavior ( Taylor A ; Daniel, 2005, p 73-79 ) . These kids and immature people are far less likely to travel to college than others and demo significantly greater inclinations for condemnable behavior. A recent study by research workers who studied 13,500 kids, populating with individual parents or measure parents, revealed that such kids were twice every bit likely as kids who stayed with their natural male parents and female parents, to develop emotional upsets, hyper-activity and hapless behavior ( Thaindian News, 2010, p 1-2 ) . Whilst 15 % of the kids who lived with measure parents displayed terrible behavioral jobs, the corresponding figure for kids who stayed with both natural parents was less than 6 % ( Thaindian News, 2010, p 1-2 ) . Kirsty does non merely endure from the disadvantages of being unable to remain with her two natural parents, but is besides under force per unit area because of a place environment that is disturbed on history of issues like low income, domestic force and intoxicant maltreatment ( Thaindian News, 2010, p 1-2 ) . It is obvious from this analysis that Kirsty is highly vulnerable to the development of different types of mental and physical complaints because of her past history of loss, mourning and injury and her present household fortunes of low income, intoxicant maltreatment and domestic force. The subsequent subdivision attempts to look at ways and agencies for designation of the predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors for Kirsty that can take to the oncoming of mental and emotional upsets and complaints, as besides the protective factors that can assist her to develop the necessary resiliency to get the better of her bing troubles and challenges. Designation of Predisposing, Precipitating, Perpetuating and Protective Factors The 4 P theoretical account concerns the scrutiny, analysis and diagnosing of four specific factors, which can assist in organizing the emotional and mental conditions of a kid ( Turner, 2005, p 33-39 ) . Such diagnosing enables the preparation of intercessions that address revealed forms of troubles and strengths help in working with persons with complex issues ( Turner, 2005, p 33-39 ) . Predisposing factors constitute the set of characteristics that make kids vulnerable to mental and emotional jobs. The predisposing factors, like the other 3Ps can be socio-environmental or biological-psychological in nature ( Hughes, 2003, p 271-277 ) . Such predisposing factors concern non merely specifically the kid but include factors that are associated with the households and environments in which kids live ( Hughes, 2003, p 271-277 ) . Individual predisposing factors can include familial influences, gender, low IQ, specific developmental holds, communicating troubles, hard dispositions, physical unwellness or even academic failure. Male kids, for illustration, are seen to be more predisposed than females for the oncoming of mental troubles ( Gitterman, 2001, p 111-117 ) . Family factors can include issues like ( a ) struggle between parents and household dislocation, ( B ) inconsistent or equivocal subject, ( degree Celsius ) hostile or rejecting relationships, ( vitamin D ) f ailure of parents to accommodate and set to the altering developmental demands of the kid, ( vitamin E ) maltreatment, physical, sexual and emotional, ( degree Fahrenheit ) psychiatric troubles of parents, and ( g ) criminalism, alcohol addiction and personality upsets of parents ( Gitterman, 2001, p 111-117 ) . Predisposing environmental factors include issues like ( a ) socio-economic disadvantage, ( B ) homelessness, ( degree Celsius ) favoritism, and ( vitamin D ) intimidation at school or maltreatment by friends ( Gitterman, 2001, p 111-117 ) . Precipitating factors concern current symptoms and include any cause that can take to showing of symptoms and aid in diagnostic logical thinking sing the function of motivating happenings and concurrent unwellnesss ( Crozier A ; Alden, 2001, p 76-84 ) . Such factors can include desirable ego injury after an statement or difference with a loved individual, a alteration in a favorite school or even a physical unwellness that can take to effects like school refusal ( Crozier A ; Alden, 2001, p 76-84 ) . Perpetuating factors represent the characteristics that live to the continuation of the state of affairs like the badness of fortunes, issues with conformities and even unresolved predisposing and precipitating factors. Such factors can once more, like predisposing factors pertain specifically to the kid, the household or even the environment ( Crozier A ; Alden, 2001, p 76-84 ) . Protective factors on the other manus concern the strengths, resiliency and supports that are available to kids and grownups ( Herrenkohl, et Al, 2003, p 179-180 ) . They include factors like ( a ) ego regard, ( B ) sociableness and liberty, ( degree Celsius ) norm or higher than mean IQ, ( vitamin D ) household compassion, ( vitamin E ) absence of parental strife and ( degree Fahrenheit ) societal support systems that encourage people to do personal attempts and get by with their fortunes and originate above them ( Herrenkohl, et Al, 2003, p 179-180 ) . The 4P theoretical account can be used efficaciously both to understand Kirsty s present fortunes and her strengths and supports that can assist her to get the better of her hurt and her challenges. Taking up the issue of predisposing factors foremost, it is clear that the kid does non look to hold any important familial exposure for the oncoming of mental upsets or complaints. Both her biological parents, as per available information, appear to be normal, good adjusted and happy persons who wished to do their matrimony and household work and took a specific determination to hold an IVF babe. The kid is quiet and diffident and does non at present appear to be on really close footings with her female parent. This is evidenced from the fact that female parent and kid do non portion assurances with each other about their lives or their present hard economic fortunes. Kirsty s hard household fortunes, particularly the troubles associated with their holding to get by on low and irregular incomes, the intoxicant maltreatment of her measure male parent and the physical force being experienced by her female parent, are besides strong predisposing factors. Precipitating factors in her instance could include terrible action by the school governments in response to the recent absences from school and possible bead in academic public presentation, escalation of force against her female parent, loss of her employment and farther deterioration of economic state of affairs, or the development of a physical unwellness by her or her female parent. Kirsty is a little and physically frail kid. She eats much less than she should and is likely to be vulnerable to infection and disease that can be picked up at school or exterior. The happening of any of the described events could precipitate emotional and mental perturbation. Kirsty has started imbibing sneakily in the company of her friends and inordinate intoxicant ingestion can take to the development of physical complaints, sing the hapless province of her current wellness. Her parents may besides happen out about her imbibing and this could take to important unpleasantness in the household. Su ch an event can besides be a major precipitating factor. Perpetuating factors can associate to the kid, the household or the environment. In Kristy s instance the most of import perpetuating factors are evidently the deficiency of intervention for her status and changeless maltreatment her organic structure is being subjected to because of under feeding, combined with consumption of intoxicant. The continuation of disturbed and low income household fortunes is besides working towards perpetuating her exposure to mental complaints. Kirsty nevertheless besides has a figure of protective factors that can assist her in developing resiliency and in get the better ofing her emotional and mental troubles and challenges. She has a strong, warm and loving relationship with her female parent, which is unluckily under force per unit area because of the disturbed place environment and the troubles that have emerged in the relationship between her female parent and her stepfather. The relationship between female parent and kid, whilst under force per unit area, continues to be strong and can be a beginning of strength for both of them. Kirsty besides has a warm and fond relationship with her neighbors and some of her school friends. Whilst she is non good known in her school, she does non look to be disliked and both the school and her school friends can go beginnings of huge strength to her. She has already started demoing promise in music. This can take to greater proficiency and to grasp from the outside universe, which in bend can assist her to develop assurance and ego regard. Decisions Kirsty, a much loved kid lost her darling male parent when she was 8 and now lives with her female parent and stepfather. The miss has of late been exposing marks of emotional and mental perturbation and unnatural delinquent behavior. Her wellness every bit good as her attending and public presentation at school have begun to endure. This survey foremost aims to analyze and discourse Kirsty s instance from different societal work positions in order to understand the causes behind her bing emotional, mental and physical province. Such treatment and analysis is followed by the application of the 4P theoretical account for organizing Kirsty s status into predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors. Kirsty was born an IVF babe and, as most such babes, was a much wanted and loved kid. Her secure, happy, and comfy childhood changed radically when she was merely about 8 with the decease of her male parent in a auto accident. With her female parent want to get down a new life after the calamity, she remarried. Both of them thenceforth came to populate with her stepfather in his house, where all three continue to shack even now. Her present domestic environment appears to be disturbed. Her stepfather earns periodically and has a imbibing job. Kirsty frequently sees the Markss of physical force on her female parent s face. Some of her present mental troubles can be ascribed to the fond regard theory, which suggests that kids instinctively attach to their carers for endurance, for security and for eventual familial and behavioral reproduction and that kids must develop stable relationships with at least one of their primary attention givers for happening of normal development and growi ng. The 4 P theoretical account concerns the scrutiny, analysis and diagnosing of four specific factors, which can assist in organizing the emotional and mental conditions of a kid. The application of the 4 P theoretical account allows for the apprehension of her predisposing, precipitation g and perpetuating factors, every bit good as the assorted protective factors that can assist her in developing resiliency and in get the better ofing her emotional and mental troubles and challenges. It is of import nevertheless to observe that some of the illations have been made about available cognition about her past relationship with her male parent. Such information may be uncomplete and lead to erroneous decisions. Mentions Bowlby, J. , 1988, A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory, Routledge: London. Crozier, W. R. A ; Alden, L. E. , 2001, International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research, and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness, New York: John Wiley A ; Sons. Gitterman, A. ( Ed. ) , 2001, Handbook of Social Work Practice with Vulnerable and Resilient Populations ( 2nd ed. ) , New York: Columbia University Press. Herrenkohl, T. I. , Hill, K. G. , Chung, I. , Guo, J. , Abbott, R. D. , A ; Hawkins, J. D. , 2003, Protective Factors against Serious Violent Behavior in Adolescence: A Prospective Survey of Aggressive Children , Social Work Research, 27 ( 3 ) , 179. 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