Why Healthcare Practitioners are Unwilling to Change Practice Patterns Assignment

Why Healthcare Practitioners are Unwilling to Change Practice Patterns - Assignment Example However, despite the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) rules being approved by the American Medical Association in 2008 and this logistical development subsequently making it easier for the reception and transfer of payments, healthcare services providers have not yet come to significantly use them. Conversely, healthcare practitioners may find it hard to change their practicing patterns because of the unfavorable balance between inadequate healthcare resources and the unreasonable demand for the same services. Doctors and nurses may, for instance, want to make their practice more patient-friendly by elongating consultation hours, but the queue in the waiting room may not allow this. One can take a compassionate approach when dealing with physicians who loathe evidence-based systems. In this effect, it will be gainful to facilitate dialogue with physicians, so as to understand their point of view, in lieu of singling out individual physicians for professional malpractice. For a hospital leader, it will also be important to make an initiative of presenting solid evidence. The corollary to this is that upon seeing pieces of relevant information that bring about a significant difference, healthcare practitioners will gradually come to appreciate evidence-based systems. Integrating these efforts with information Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems and clinical decision support will also help solve this problem. This statement is indeed legitimate since the odds of dying in a healthcare center are greater than the risk of an air crash. Particularly, chances of dying in a healthcare institution because of human error are 33,000 times higher than the danger of dying in an airplane crash (Hammond, 2008). Although it is indeed true that the danger of dying in a hospital is more imminent than that of an airline accident, yet, this should not be construed to mean that healthcare practitioners are more careless, compared to pilots  and the flight crew.  

Eddie in Blood Brothers Essay Example for Free

Eddie in Blood Brothers Essay Eddie and Mickey were born from the same mother Mrs. Johnston, but they have extremely different lives. They were identical twins; they look exactly the same. But Mrs. Lyons separated them and made them have a different life. From then on, one of them, Mickey stayed with Mrs. Johnston lives in a big, poor family and the other one who was taken by Mrs. Lyons became very rich and got everything. They have been in a different world because of many factors surrounding them to rich or poor from the moment they have been born. I think the most influential factors are the family they have got and the family classes different. The different kind and level of education they have got did also influence them much. Also, the religion of the family is one of the factors that affect the life of the child as well. Different thing has different amount of influence to Mickey and Eddies life. I am going to discuss the factors one by one. The social context is messy at the time between late 70s and early 80s that the play was set. It is called recession. Margaret Thatcher is the Prime Minister; she encouraged people to make lots of money. As a result, the rich people in middle or upper class can earn much money but the poor people in working class lost their jobs. Life is very hard for working class, as they get poorer without a job. Mickeys family is suffered from this social climate. His family is poor. Unlike Eddie, his family is in middle class, he is rich. They have a great contrast in their life because the classes are different. Marilyn Monroe is the social icon of the day at that time. She is very glamorous, rich and she represents a life of fantasy. Everyone wants to be her. We know that from the book on p. 14, Act 1, Scene 1, it said He told me I was sexier than Marilyn Monroe, which is about Mr. Johnston said her wife was sexier, lovelier than Marilyn Monroe. It shows the value of that time. But that is what totally different from Mickey. Mickey is poor; he dressed scruffy. He lives in council house and his family is working class. He does not have money to buy everything he wanted. But Eddie, he is rich, he has got new clothes, and he looks smart. He lives in private house and his family is middle class. They are exactly the same, but the way of living is really different with one of them is living in a rich environment and another lives in a poor world. This is how the classes different influence their life. The size and people in their family have also influenced them. Mickey has a big family with 7 brothers and sisters. The speech of the mother in p. 14, Act 1, Scene 1, told us about that. She said: Seven hungry mouths to feed and one more nearly due. Mickey is the youngest in the family; he has to fight for food and everything with the elder brothers and sisters. Therefore, he needs to grow up fast and look tough to protect himself in case of beaten up by others. He also wants to his elder brother Sammy because he wants to get older so he can do everything he loves. We can see how much he wants to be Sammy in the book on p. 30, Act 2, Scene 1, he has repeated the sentences I wish I was our Sammy. - for five times. He does everything Sammy did; however, Sammy was not a good example for Mickey to learn. So Mickey becomes a joker and streetwise since he has got influenced by his brother Sammy. The family of Eddie, we know that he is the only child in his rich family and they are in middle class. He lives with his mum only most of his life. We dont know much about Eddies father because the book does not mention about him much. Mrs. , Lyons, Eddies mother, loves her son very much. She gives him a good shelter, gives him everything he wanted. This makes very weak and soft and he will not know the hardship of the working class since life is easy for him. Time ran through quick by dramatic devices in the book. We can see how much difference between Mickey and Eddie over a long period. At first, when they are born, they are not much different from each other in either class or education. But when they are at the age of 17, Mickey is dropped out from school and on the other side Eddie was going to University. Then, when they both go to work, Mickey loses his job and Eddie is the boss of a factory. The education level made them have such a big difference. Mickey is poor educated as he left school when he was 17. He was study in government school. Normally, there is nothing bad to study in government school. But compare to Eddie, Eddie was study in private school, he was well educated. He could use a dictionary at the age of seven while Mickey do not even know what a dictionary is. We knew that from the conversation between Mickey and Eddie. Eddie said, I shall look it up in a dictionary. from p. 33, Act 2, Scene 2. From the speech of the narrator at p. 56, Act 4, Scene 1, we know Mickey and Eddie are getting older as they are 18. This is the job of narrator to take us through time and speed things up. Eddies goes into a University straight after he left his college but at that time Mickey was already dropped out from the school and working in a factory. Then, Eddie got a job, which is the boss of the factory, straight after he finished his studying. By that time Eddie becomes really powerful and rich but the other one, Mickey, is just a worker in a factory! They are identical twins but we can see how education makes them go into a different life. Superstition is one of the influences. Mrs. Johnston is very superstitious as we can see from the several events from the book. On p. 18, Act 1, Scene 3, Mrs. Lyons put a pair of new shoes on the table then Mrs. Johnston saw it and tell her never do this. This is a superstition thinking that something had will happen to you, which you will never notice. This shows that Mrs. Johnston is superstitious. I believe that she believes in religion. And this makes Mickey kind of superstitious as well. He believes what blood brother is. On the other side, I dont think Mrs. Lyons has any religion at all. She does not respect Mrs. Johnston and always use the weakness of Mrs. Johnston, that she is superstitious, to coerce her into doing something. At first Eddie does not believe any superstition things but Mickey influences him. He admires Mickey and everything Mickey does. He likes Mickey and wants Mickey likes him as well. On p. 32, Act2 2, Scene 2, we know Eddie gives sweets to Mickey. This reflected he is eager to please. Eddie used to dont know much about colloquial until Mickey told him. He thought everything Mickey said was smashing. And he believes that what Mrs. Johnston told her on p. 35, Act 2, Scene 2, about bogeyman. This shows that he is nai ve and innocent. In conclusion, I can divide the influences on the lives of Mickey and Eddie in four main sections. The differences between Mickey and Eddie in the family, the social class they are, the education they have and the religion of the family. They are identical twins but they have got a very different life, I think it is because these things that I have mentioned before influenced them.

Failure of te Two-Party System Essay -- essays research papers

A valuable factor within any democracy is the presence of political parties. As dictated by Webster, a party is meant as "a group, which unites to promote or maintain a policy, a cause, or other purposes, as a political group." This definition can be easily simplified as individuals with a common cause. This is just the case with American political parties. They are ordinary groups of individuals with a common cause in hopes to gain political power. Within the United States, two political parties make up the majority, the Republicans and Democrats. Unlike many other democratic nations around the world, America is unique with their generalized lack of parties. However, there is a growing trend within America that implies the two-party system, which has been the leader in American politics, has started to become weak. When the United States initially formed as a nation, there were few differentiations between the people. Those with voting privileges were mostly white Anglo-Saxons. The greatest differences seemed to be developing around the issue of slavery creating a North versus South political atmosphere. Siding with the intelligence of the era, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, the federalist and anti federalist parties developed around opposing ideas regarding a written Bill of Rights. This form of elitism running the government was not unreasonable in a time when communication to the outskirts and rural areas of the nation wa...

Employee of the Month

â€Å"EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTH† – from a HRM perspective THE PLOT: Vince Downey is the head cashier and winner of 17 consecutive Employee of the Month awards at Super Club. If he wins one more Employee of the Month, he will be put in the Super Club's Hall of Fame and win a new car. Zack Bradley, who is the ultimate slacker, has been working at the Super Club for 10 years, and is still at the bottom job, working as a box boy. Then Amy enters the picture; she is a new cashier transferring in from another Super Club store. Amy has a reputation of dating men who have won Employee of the Month at the other store, so Vince and Zack want to date Amy. Situation at the Company: Other employees are jealous of Vince's success, possibly as a result of his aggressive behavior. An autocratic and fear-based style of leadership prevails in the company, with the corporate manager, Glenn Ross, being a bully to his younger brother, the bureaucratic store manager. Vince Downey’s character portrait goal-oriented even at the cost of ethics and office relationships aggressive towards co-workers disliked by most other employees of Superclub very motivated towards promotions and incentives. Zach Bradley’s character portrait well-liked by colleagues doesn't mind breaking office rules for benefit of customers and colleagues uses office property after office hours for personal purposes low motivation towards structured goals rebellious towards establishment (possibly due to past failure). His friends are work-shirkers like himself, although they portray surly attitudes towards customers, while Zach doesn't. HRM CONCEPTS FOUND IN THE MOVIE: Maslow's need hierarchy theory Source: http://www. abraham-maslow. com The company aims to improve employee performance through need for self esteem. Zach initially aims for the award in order to win the affections of his female co-worker, Amy (physiological needs). Zach's friend Iqbal advises him to aim for the employee of the month award not just for physiological motives, but for self actualization. This advice is what motivates Zach and helps him overcome his rebelliousness towards the establishment in the end. Employee Initiative During the course of the month, a sea change is visible in Zach’s attitude towards his job. He shows initiative by volunteering for the vacant post of cashier at short notice. He also volunteers to solve management problems by finding storage space for mistakenly received goods. However, these activities, as well as his new perks, estrange him from his old colleagues. Leadership Skills He also shows leadership at the softball game at the end of the month, by motivating his team to win the game. But he breaks a promise to his colleague in doing so, which results in a loss of friendship with his old colleagues. Ethical Conduct In the end of the story, Zach wins the Employee of the Month award through ethical means, and Vince is fired for his unethical behavior in course of aiming for the award. CONCLUSION: The movie portrays the work relationships and attitudes of Theory X motivated workers in a company, in a funny and entertaining way. However, a lot of crude humor and language, as well as sub-plots that demean women, are included in generous quantities, so feminists better find other alternatives to identify their HRM concepts in real life situations! Employee of the Month â€Å"EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTH† – from a HRM perspective THE PLOT: Vince Downey is the head cashier and winner of 17 consecutive Employee of the Month awards at Super Club. If he wins one more Employee of the Month, he will be put in the Super Club's Hall of Fame and win a new car. Zack Bradley, who is the ultimate slacker, has been working at the Super Club for 10 years, and is still at the bottom job, working as a box boy. Then Amy enters the picture; she is a new cashier transferring in from another Super Club store. Amy has a reputation of dating men who have won Employee of the Month at the other store, so Vince and Zack want to date Amy. Situation at the Company: Other employees are jealous of Vince's success, possibly as a result of his aggressive behavior. An autocratic and fear-based style of leadership prevails in the company, with the corporate manager, Glenn Ross, being a bully to his younger brother, the bureaucratic store manager. Vince Downey’s character portrait goal-oriented even at the cost of ethics and office relationships aggressive towards co-workers disliked by most other employees of Superclub very motivated towards promotions and incentives. Zach Bradley’s character portrait well-liked by colleagues doesn't mind breaking office rules for benefit of customers and colleagues uses office property after office hours for personal purposes low motivation towards structured goals rebellious towards establishment (possibly due to past failure). His friends are work-shirkers like himself, although they portray surly attitudes towards customers, while Zach doesn't. HRM CONCEPTS FOUND IN THE MOVIE: Maslow's need hierarchy theory Source: http://www. abraham-maslow. com The company aims to improve employee performance through need for self esteem. Zach initially aims for the award in order to win the affections of his female co-worker, Amy (physiological needs). Zach's friend Iqbal advises him to aim for the employee of the month award not just for physiological motives, but for self actualization. This advice is what motivates Zach and helps him overcome his rebelliousness towards the establishment in the end. Employee Initiative During the course of the month, a sea change is visible in Zach’s attitude towards his job. He shows initiative by volunteering for the vacant post of cashier at short notice. He also volunteers to solve management problems by finding storage space for mistakenly received goods. However, these activities, as well as his new perks, estrange him from his old colleagues. Leadership Skills He also shows leadership at the softball game at the end of the month, by motivating his team to win the game. But he breaks a promise to his colleague in doing so, which results in a loss of friendship with his old colleagues. Ethical Conduct In the end of the story, Zach wins the Employee of the Month award through ethical means, and Vince is fired for his unethical behavior in course of aiming for the award. CONCLUSION: The movie portrays the work relationships and attitudes of Theory X motivated workers in a company, in a funny and entertaining way. However, a lot of crude humor and language, as well as sub-plots that demean women, are included in generous quantities, so feminists better find other alternatives to identify their HRM concepts in real life situations!

The Apprenticeship System – Summary

THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM Aims of apprenticeship * To provide a peaceful transition from slavery to freedom * To guarantee planters an adequate supply of labour during the period and prepare for full freedom * To train apprentices for freedom especially working for wages * To enable the colonial governments to revise the system of justice and establish institutions suitable for a free society. The SMs were retired naval and army officers on half pay, appointed from Britain who were accustomed to rough conditions and enforcing discipline.They were chosen because they were not connected to the planter class and it was felt that they would not be biased. Duties of stipendiary magistrates * To supervise the apprenticeship system * To settle disputes between masters and apprentices * To visit estates at regular intervals and hold court * To inspect jailhouses and workhouses * To assist in fixing the value of negroes who wanted to buy their freedom These duties were strenuous and led to th e death of many SMs who were not accustomed to tropical conditions and could not afford the high cost of medical treatment.Conditions of employment Salary – ? 300 for the first year then increased to ? 450 for travel expenses and housing. There was no pension for dependents if the SM died in service. There was no sick leave and he had to pay his own fare back home if he was dismissed or out of service. These bad working conditions prevented SMs from performing their duties satisfactorily and many were easily bribed by planters. They were also overburdened by work because they were so few in numbers. Those who tried to do their duties were sometimes persecuted.They were abused physically, verbally and via the press. They were all obstructed in the performance of their duties as planters sometimes refused to allow them on the estates. Success of stipendiary magistrates * They listened to complaints from both sides and acted as a buffer between masters and apprentices. * They in formed apprentices of their rights, they did not have to listen to gossip or obtain information from newspapers. * They helped apprentices to organise their lives better by giving advice.However, they had very little to formulate schemes to improve the social conditions of the apprentices. They were unable to prevent apprentices from being punished harshly. Punishments Apprentices were usually sent to the workhouse, however SMs had no control over what happened there. The most common form of punishment in the workhouse was the treadmill. There was also the whipping post and apprentices could be put in penal gangs. Females often had their heads shaved. Time lost in the workhouse had to be repaid by the apprentice by working for his master during his free time.Controlling apprentices on the estates * It was illegal for apprentices to leave the estate without written permission. * Valuations on able-bodied slaves were often inflated. * High fees were charged for the use of the markets and for licences to work off the estates as carpenters, blacksmiths and so on. These licences and tickets to sell in the markets could be withdrawn. * Planters refused to give customary allowances. * Planters found faults with apprentices' work, which had to be done over in the apprentices' free time. Apprentices were locked up on false charges which would often be dropped before the arrival of the SM. * Apprentices' fruit trees would be cut down and they were forbidden to own livestock. * The 401/2 hours per week were spread over five days instead of four. *Low wages would be paid; unfair deductions from wages would be made; and the wages were generally paid late. The End of Apprenticeship Apprenticeship ended for ALL apprentices in 1838 because: * The system was not achieving its aims. * The antislavery society exposed the abuses in the system and began to campaign for full freedom. The planters feared violence if domestic apprentices were freed before field apprentices. * Some pl anters felt that it was cheaper not to have to provide for apprentices and only to employ the number of labourers they needed. Note: Antigua granted full freedom to its slaves. The planters decided against apprenticeship. The apprenticeship system came to an end in 1838 when the colonial governments in each colony voted against its continuation. http://www. youthlinkjamaica. com/cxc/history20100302. htm

Emotional And Mental Condition Of Problematic Child Social Work Essay Essays

Emotional And Mental Condition Of Problematic Child Social Work Essay Essays Emotional And Mental Condition Of Problematic Child Social Work Essay Essay Emotional And Mental Condition Of Problematic Child Social Work Essay Essay This assignment concerns the analysis of the emotional and mental status of Kirsty, a 14 twelvemonth old miss who lives with her female parent and her stepfather. Kirsty, a much loved kid lost her darling male parent when she was 8 and now lives with her female parent and stepfather. The miss has of late been exposing marks of emotional and mental perturbation and unnatural delinquent behavior. Her wellness every bit good as her attending and public presentation at school have begun to endure. Children like Kirsty, who have experienced terrible emotional loss and who furthermore have to see disturbed domestic conditions, are far more likely to develop emotional, mental and physical upsets and complaints than other kids. Social work theory and pattern considers the relief of the status of physically and mentally ailing people to be one of its primary aims ( Petr, 2003, p 41-47 ) . Social work policy in the UK is furthermore ferociously committed to the betterment of public assistance and to the physical, emotional and societal development of all kids in the state, particularly those enduring from different types of disadvantage ( Humphreys, 2000, p 30-34 ) . Recent old ages have besides witnessed steady betterment in the intervention of physically and mentally deprived persons. This survey is directed by such aims and purposes to first examine and discourse Kirsty s instance from different societal work positions in order to understand the causes behind her bing emotional, mental and physical province. Such treatment and analysis is followed by the application of the 4P theoretical account for organizing Kirsty s status with the usage of predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors. A 4 P analysis will assist in understanding the assorted forces that are presently moving upon the kid every bit good as her assorted beginnings of strength, nutriment and comfort, and in make up ones minding upon possible interventionist schemes. The survey is structured into two chief subdivisions ; the first trades with the scrutiny of the events in Kirsty s life and her current physical and mental troubles, even as the 2nd efforts to place the 4P factors in her life in order to assist her to develop resiliency to get the better of her emotional and mental challenges. Analysis of Kirsty s Case Kirsty was born an IVF babe and, like most such babes, was a much wanted and loved kid. Whilst the instance survey does non supply elaborate inside informations about her childhood, it is clear that her male parent and female parent, particularly her male parent, doted upon her. Her secure, happy, and comfy childhood changed radically and everlastingly when she was merely about 8 with the decease of her male parent in a auto accident. With her female parent want to get down a new life after the calamity, the two of them moved off from Aberdeen, where they lived antecedently, and moved from house to house in Scotland until the clip her female parent remarried. Both of them thenceforth came to populate with her stepfather in his house, where all three continue to shack even now. Her present domestic environment appears to be disturbed. Her stepfather, a builder by profession, earns periodically and has a imbibing job. Whilst Kirsty s female parent works in a supermarket, the money she earns is non plenty to run into the demands of the household and changeless statements occur between the two grownups on the issue of money. Kirsty s stepfather physically abuses his married woman during the class of such statements, particularly when he has been imbibing. Whilst such battles do non happen in forepart of the kid, Kirsty frequently sees the Markss of physical force on her female parent s face. Kirsty loves her female parent really much but has of late begun to experience intrusive and in the manner of the two unhappy grownups. Kirsty attends secondary school and has for the last twelvemonth been taking lessons in playing the guitar. She is demoing some promise in music and remembers her male parent playing the guitar for her at her birthday parties when she was immature and he was still alive. Kirsty and her household have friendly neighbors. The neighbors invariably welcome her and the kids love and adore her. She is a quiet kid and is for such ground practically unnoticed in school because her category has a figure of loud and active kids who keep the category instructor busy. The miss has a few close friends at school and spends much of her clip with them. She has late started traveling out in the eventide with these friends and other immature people. They normally go to the park where they spend clip with each other. Some of the immature people bring inexpensive intoxicant to the park and Kirsty has started imbibing on a regular basis. This frequently leads to her waking up tardily in the forenoon and dropping out of traveling to school for the twenty-four hours. Kirsty is little and scraggy for her age and finds it hard to kip at dark. Her appetency is hapless and she frequently feels ill and suffers from katzenjammer symptoms. The neighbor is worried about Kirsty s wellness and Kirsty s female parent has late taken the kid to see a GP, who after a preliminary probe has decided to mention her instance to other services. It is obvious from the available fortunes of the instance that Kirsty is emotionally and mentally disturbed and that these jobs are furthermore impacting her physical wellness and her attending and public presentation at school. The miss s emotional and physical development has been adversely affected by specific events and fortunes, viz. ( a ) the loss of a much loved parent, when she was still a kid, ( B ) her memories of her male parent, which continue to remain with her, and ( degree Celsius ) her disturbed place environment, with its elements of intoxicant maltreatment and domestic force. Some of her present mental troubles can be explained by the usage of the Attachment Theory, foremost advanced by John Bowlby, which concerns the emotional bonding between two or more persons and suggests that kids must develop stable relationships with at least one of their primary attention givers for happening of normal development and growing ( Bowlby, 1988, p 5-11 ) . The attachment theory suggests that kids instinctively attach to their carers for endurance, for security and for eventual familial and behavioral reproduction ( Bowlby, 1988, p 5-11 ) . Sheltered babes and kids become free to concentrate and derive cognition from their environments ( Walker, 2008, p 3-5 ) . Whilst the birth female parent usually represents the chief attachment figure, it is besides really much possible that any other person who invariably adopts fussing ways can replace the female parent as the rule attachment figure ( Walker, 2008, p 3-5 ) . In Kirsty s instance it appears that her male parent assumed the function of the chief attachment figure. This fact is non wholly confirmed because of the deficiency of inside informations about her life before the decease of her male parent. The miss, even today, after a oversight of six old ages, remembers him playing the guitar and diverting her at her birthday parties. She besides appears to hold unconsciously imbibed his love for music and his genius for playing the guitar. Attachment upsets are likely to happen when kids, for different grounds, are unable to organize normal fond regards with their attention givers during their childhoods. Such attachment upsets can take to traumas and a scope of mental and physical troubles ( Solomon A ; Siegel, 2003, p117 ) . Children diagnosed with behavior upset, post-traumatic emphasis upset and oppositional-defiant upset frequently display attachment jobs, perchance because of the happening of fond regard upsets in their childhood ( Solomon A ; Siegel, 2003, p117 ) . It appears clear from Kirsty s history that she was closely affiliated to her male parent and that his tragic decease traumatised her significantly. Whilst her female parent did supply her with attention and support, the indispensable insecurity in their lives after the decease of her male parent, ( which continues even today and is accentuated by the environment of intoxicant maltreatment and domestic force at her place ) , has accentuated her inju ry. Childs from disturbed household backgrounds, particularly 1s that are characterised by force and substance maltreatment, are likely to endure from a scope of physical, mental and emotional jobs in comparing with other kids ( Taylor A ; Daniel, 2005, p 73-79 ) . Such kids, it has repeatedly been seen in the class of research and studies are far more likely ( a ) to make severely at school, ( B ) bead out of school, ( degree Celsius ) engage in smoke and in intoxicant and drug maltreatment, ( vitamin D ) have adolescent gestations, and ( vitamin E ) engage in delinquent or condemnable behavior ( Taylor A ; Daniel, 2005, p 73-79 ) . These kids and immature people are far less likely to travel to college than others and demo significantly greater inclinations for condemnable behavior. A recent study by research workers who studied 13,500 kids, populating with individual parents or measure parents, revealed that such kids were twice every bit likely as kids who stayed with their natural male parents and female parents, to develop emotional upsets, hyper-activity and hapless behavior ( Thaindian News, 2010, p 1-2 ) . Whilst 15 % of the kids who lived with measure parents displayed terrible behavioral jobs, the corresponding figure for kids who stayed with both natural parents was less than 6 % ( Thaindian News, 2010, p 1-2 ) . Kirsty does non merely endure from the disadvantages of being unable to remain with her two natural parents, but is besides under force per unit area because of a place environment that is disturbed on history of issues like low income, domestic force and intoxicant maltreatment ( Thaindian News, 2010, p 1-2 ) . It is obvious from this analysis that Kirsty is highly vulnerable to the development of different types of mental and physical complaints because of her past history of loss, mourning and injury and her present household fortunes of low income, intoxicant maltreatment and domestic force. The subsequent subdivision attempts to look at ways and agencies for designation of the predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors for Kirsty that can take to the oncoming of mental and emotional upsets and complaints, as besides the protective factors that can assist her to develop the necessary resiliency to get the better of her bing troubles and challenges. Designation of Predisposing, Precipitating, Perpetuating and Protective Factors The 4 P theoretical account concerns the scrutiny, analysis and diagnosing of four specific factors, which can assist in organizing the emotional and mental conditions of a kid ( Turner, 2005, p 33-39 ) . Such diagnosing enables the preparation of intercessions that address revealed forms of troubles and strengths help in working with persons with complex issues ( Turner, 2005, p 33-39 ) . Predisposing factors constitute the set of characteristics that make kids vulnerable to mental and emotional jobs. The predisposing factors, like the other 3Ps can be socio-environmental or biological-psychological in nature ( Hughes, 2003, p 271-277 ) . Such predisposing factors concern non merely specifically the kid but include factors that are associated with the households and environments in which kids live ( Hughes, 2003, p 271-277 ) . Individual predisposing factors can include familial influences, gender, low IQ, specific developmental holds, communicating troubles, hard dispositions, physical unwellness or even academic failure. Male kids, for illustration, are seen to be more predisposed than females for the oncoming of mental troubles ( Gitterman, 2001, p 111-117 ) . Family factors can include issues like ( a ) struggle between parents and household dislocation, ( B ) inconsistent or equivocal subject, ( degree Celsius ) hostile or rejecting relationships, ( vitamin D ) f ailure of parents to accommodate and set to the altering developmental demands of the kid, ( vitamin E ) maltreatment, physical, sexual and emotional, ( degree Fahrenheit ) psychiatric troubles of parents, and ( g ) criminalism, alcohol addiction and personality upsets of parents ( Gitterman, 2001, p 111-117 ) . Predisposing environmental factors include issues like ( a ) socio-economic disadvantage, ( B ) homelessness, ( degree Celsius ) favoritism, and ( vitamin D ) intimidation at school or maltreatment by friends ( Gitterman, 2001, p 111-117 ) . Precipitating factors concern current symptoms and include any cause that can take to showing of symptoms and aid in diagnostic logical thinking sing the function of motivating happenings and concurrent unwellnesss ( Crozier A ; Alden, 2001, p 76-84 ) . Such factors can include desirable ego injury after an statement or difference with a loved individual, a alteration in a favorite school or even a physical unwellness that can take to effects like school refusal ( Crozier A ; Alden, 2001, p 76-84 ) . Perpetuating factors represent the characteristics that live to the continuation of the state of affairs like the badness of fortunes, issues with conformities and even unresolved predisposing and precipitating factors. Such factors can once more, like predisposing factors pertain specifically to the kid, the household or even the environment ( Crozier A ; Alden, 2001, p 76-84 ) . Protective factors on the other manus concern the strengths, resiliency and supports that are available to kids and grownups ( Herrenkohl, et Al, 2003, p 179-180 ) . They include factors like ( a ) ego regard, ( B ) sociableness and liberty, ( degree Celsius ) norm or higher than mean IQ, ( vitamin D ) household compassion, ( vitamin E ) absence of parental strife and ( degree Fahrenheit ) societal support systems that encourage people to do personal attempts and get by with their fortunes and originate above them ( Herrenkohl, et Al, 2003, p 179-180 ) . The 4P theoretical account can be used efficaciously both to understand Kirsty s present fortunes and her strengths and supports that can assist her to get the better of her hurt and her challenges. Taking up the issue of predisposing factors foremost, it is clear that the kid does non look to hold any important familial exposure for the oncoming of mental upsets or complaints. Both her biological parents, as per available information, appear to be normal, good adjusted and happy persons who wished to do their matrimony and household work and took a specific determination to hold an IVF babe. The kid is quiet and diffident and does non at present appear to be on really close footings with her female parent. This is evidenced from the fact that female parent and kid do non portion assurances with each other about their lives or their present hard economic fortunes. Kirsty s hard household fortunes, particularly the troubles associated with their holding to get by on low and irregular incomes, the intoxicant maltreatment of her measure male parent and the physical force being experienced by her female parent, are besides strong predisposing factors. Precipitating factors in her instance could include terrible action by the school governments in response to the recent absences from school and possible bead in academic public presentation, escalation of force against her female parent, loss of her employment and farther deterioration of economic state of affairs, or the development of a physical unwellness by her or her female parent. Kirsty is a little and physically frail kid. She eats much less than she should and is likely to be vulnerable to infection and disease that can be picked up at school or exterior. The happening of any of the described events could precipitate emotional and mental perturbation. Kirsty has started imbibing sneakily in the company of her friends and inordinate intoxicant ingestion can take to the development of physical complaints, sing the hapless province of her current wellness. Her parents may besides happen out about her imbibing and this could take to important unpleasantness in the household. Su ch an event can besides be a major precipitating factor. Perpetuating factors can associate to the kid, the household or the environment. In Kristy s instance the most of import perpetuating factors are evidently the deficiency of intervention for her status and changeless maltreatment her organic structure is being subjected to because of under feeding, combined with consumption of intoxicant. The continuation of disturbed and low income household fortunes is besides working towards perpetuating her exposure to mental complaints. Kirsty nevertheless besides has a figure of protective factors that can assist her in developing resiliency and in get the better ofing her emotional and mental troubles and challenges. She has a strong, warm and loving relationship with her female parent, which is unluckily under force per unit area because of the disturbed place environment and the troubles that have emerged in the relationship between her female parent and her stepfather. The relationship between female parent and kid, whilst under force per unit area, continues to be strong and can be a beginning of strength for both of them. Kirsty besides has a warm and fond relationship with her neighbors and some of her school friends. Whilst she is non good known in her school, she does non look to be disliked and both the school and her school friends can go beginnings of huge strength to her. She has already started demoing promise in music. This can take to greater proficiency and to grasp from the outside universe, which in bend can assist her to develop assurance and ego regard. Decisions Kirsty, a much loved kid lost her darling male parent when she was 8 and now lives with her female parent and stepfather. The miss has of late been exposing marks of emotional and mental perturbation and unnatural delinquent behavior. Her wellness every bit good as her attending and public presentation at school have begun to endure. This survey foremost aims to analyze and discourse Kirsty s instance from different societal work positions in order to understand the causes behind her bing emotional, mental and physical province. Such treatment and analysis is followed by the application of the 4P theoretical account for organizing Kirsty s status into predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors. Kirsty was born an IVF babe and, as most such babes, was a much wanted and loved kid. Her secure, happy, and comfy childhood changed radically when she was merely about 8 with the decease of her male parent in a auto accident. With her female parent want to get down a new life after the calamity, she remarried. Both of them thenceforth came to populate with her stepfather in his house, where all three continue to shack even now. Her present domestic environment appears to be disturbed. Her stepfather earns periodically and has a imbibing job. Kirsty frequently sees the Markss of physical force on her female parent s face. Some of her present mental troubles can be ascribed to the fond regard theory, which suggests that kids instinctively attach to their carers for endurance, for security and for eventual familial and behavioral reproduction and that kids must develop stable relationships with at least one of their primary attention givers for happening of normal development and growi ng. The 4 P theoretical account concerns the scrutiny, analysis and diagnosing of four specific factors, which can assist in organizing the emotional and mental conditions of a kid. The application of the 4 P theoretical account allows for the apprehension of her predisposing, precipitation g and perpetuating factors, every bit good as the assorted protective factors that can assist her in developing resiliency and in get the better ofing her emotional and mental troubles and challenges. It is of import nevertheless to observe that some of the illations have been made about available cognition about her past relationship with her male parent. Such information may be uncomplete and lead to erroneous decisions. Mentions Bowlby, J. , 1988, A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory, Routledge: London. Crozier, W. R. A ; Alden, L. E. , 2001, International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research, and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness, New York: John Wiley A ; Sons. Gitterman, A. ( Ed. ) , 2001, Handbook of Social Work Practice with Vulnerable and Resilient Populations ( 2nd ed. ) , New York: Columbia University Press. Herrenkohl, T. I. , Hill, K. G. , Chung, I. , Guo, J. , Abbott, R. D. , A ; Hawkins, J. D. , 2003, Protective Factors against Serious Violent Behavior in Adolescence: A Prospective Survey of Aggressive Children , Social Work Research, 27 ( 3 ) , 179. Hughes, D, 2003, Psychological intercessions for the spectrum of fond regard upsets and interfamilial injury , Attachment and Human Development, 5: 3, pp 271-277. Humphreys, C. , 2000, Social Work, Domestic Violence and Child Protection: Challenging Practice, Bristol, England: Policy Press. Petr, C. G. , 2003, Social Work with Children and Their Families: Matter-of-fact Foundations ( 2nd ed. ) , New York: Oxford University Press. Solomon, M. , A ; Siegel, D. , 2003, Mending Trauma, fond regard, head, organic structure and encephalon, NY: W.W. Norton and Co. Taylor, J. A ; Daniel, B. ( Eds. ) , 2005, Child Neglect: Practice Issues for Health and Social Care, London: Jessica Kingsley. Turner, F. J. ( Ed. ) . , 2005, Social Work Diagnosis in Contemporary Practice, New York: Oxford University Press. Thaindian News, 2010, Children from broken places twice every bit likely to hold emotional jobs , Thaindian.com Company Limited, Available at: www.thaindian.com/ /children-from-broken-homes-twice-as-likely-to-have-emotional-problems_100444624.htmlA -A United States ( accessed December 4, 2010 ) . Walker, J. , 2008, The Use of Attachment Theory in Adoption and Fostering , Available at: jim-walker.co.uk/ /The % 20use % 20of % 20attachment % 20theory % 20in % 20adoption % 2 ( accessed December 4, 2010 ) .

Whatever Essays - Education Reform, Home, Homework, Free Essays

Whatever Essays - Education Reform, Home, Homework, Free Essays Whatever Overpriced Vehicles for Teenagers New cool cars are too expensive for teenagers to afford. I would like to have a new sports car to drive around but I do not have the money to afford the car. By being in high school I do not have enough time to go and get a job and do the work to make the money to afford the car. There is not enough time in the day for me to go to school then go home, do my homework, and work only about 2 hours after school if I was to have the job. Even if I was to get the car, the insurance on the car would be very expensive because it is a sports car and I am only 17 years old. The prices on new cool cars for teenagers should be lowered because they do not have enough time in the day to do the work to make money and the insurance on the cars are overpriced. There is not enough time in the day for teenagers to work to make the money for the new sports cars. Most teenagers like myself are in school from 8 in the morning until 3:30 in the afternoon. Then I go to football or basketball practice afterward until sometimes 5 or 6 that evening. I then go home and do my homework and after I help clean up around the house. By this time that evening it is already late and close to my bed time so that ill be able to get enough rest and get up to go to school the following day. There is no time in the day for teenagers to get a job and work the hours to make the money to buy the sports car.